Fiber-optic gyroscopes: from design to production [Invited]

Jagannath Nayak

doi:10.1364/AO.50.00E152

Applied Optics
Vol. 50,
Issue 25,
pp. E152-E161
(2011)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.50.00E152

Fiber-optic gyroscopes: from design to production [Invited]

Jagannath Nayak

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Jagannath Nayak, "Fiber-optic gyroscopes: from design to production [Invited]," Appl. Opt. 50, E152-E161 (2011)

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The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Fiber optics components (060.2340)
- Fibers, polarization-maintaining (060.2420)
- Gyroscopes (060.2800)
- Optical systems (120.4820)
- Sagnac effect (120.5790)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: March 29, 2011
- Manuscript Accepted: May 27, 2011
- Published: August 11, 2011

Abstract

Fiber-optic gyroscopes (FOGs) represent an important development in the field of inertial sensors and are now considered an alternative technology to mechanical and ring laser gyroscopes for inertial navigation and control applications. The past 30 years of research and development around the world have established the FOG as a critical sensor for high-accuracy inertial navigation systems. In this paper, specifications, system configurations, and error and sensitivity analysis for different types of FOGs, including critical technology, are presented. This paper addresses the design and production of a different FOG that fulfills requirements such as small size, low production cost, low power consumption, and a broad spectrum of applications.

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Parameter	Control Grade	Tactical Grade	Inertial Grade
Angle random walk ( $° / \sqrt h$ )	0.5	0.5–0.05	0.001
Bias drift ( $° / h$ )	10–100	0.1–10	0.01
Scale factor accuracy (%)	1	0.05–0.1	0.001
Full scale range ( $° / s$ )	100–1000	500	400
Bandwidth (Hz)	100	$\sim 100$	100

I-FOG	• Long length of PM fiber is used from 100 to $3000 m$ .
	• Low-coherence light source, such as a SLD, is used for reducing several kinds of noise.
	• Open-loop FOG and closed-loop FOG are for control and navigation applications.
	• High-accuracy FOGs face the following limitations.
	▸ Cost increase due to long-length PM fiber.
	▸ Scale factor fluctuation due to SLD wavelength drift.
	▸ Resolution is limited due to relative intensity noise in the light source.
	▸ Time-variant temperature distribution in the fiber coil results in bias drift.
	• It is in production stage.
R-FOG	• Short length of fiber ( $5 - 10 m$ ) is used for INS performance.
	▸ Possible to reduce the drift due to time-variant temperature distribution and to reduce the sensing coil cost.
	▸ High coherent light source is used to reduce the scale factor fluctuation due to wavelength drift.
	• Device is in the development stage.
Fiber ring laser FOG	• Frequency change of Brillouin fiber ring laser due to rotation.
	• Wide dynamic range is achieved with simple setup because of the frequency output.
	• Noise factors in the laser itself must be studied as well as the gyro system configuration.

Gyro Parameters	Parameter Imperfection
Random walk	Attenuation of PM fiber coil, responsivity of detector.
Scale factor	Wave length of optical source, refractive index of PM fiber.
Bias and scale factor	Modulation index of the phase modulator.
Bias	Splitting ratio of the directional coupler, polarization extinction ratio of the polarizer, H parameters of the fiber, polarization cross coupling, backscattering of the splices.

Noise and Nonreciprocal Effects	Solution
1. Coherent Rayleigh backscatter within the fiber and at coupler splices and joints with IOCs.	1. Use low-coherence source (super luminescent diode) or correct IOCs to minimize backscatter.
2. Polarization mode coupling in fibers produces fading of signals.	2. Use low-coherence source (SLD) with depolarizer, or use polarization-preserving fiber.
3. Kerr effect and nonlinear optical effect can affect propagation constants and, hence, the counterpropagating beams.	3. Use broadband SLD so that Kerr effects are averaged out over the wavelength range.
4. Faraday rotation of plane of polarization.	4. Effect reduced by magnetic shielding or use of polarization-preserving fiber.
5. Thermal gradients and transients.	5. Optimize coil windings to minimize the effect, and use good thermal packaging practices. Also, temperature sensors can be used to control the thermal stability.
6. Acoustic noise (e.g., bias error proportional to the difference in effective areas of the coil for the two counterpropagating beams).	6. Optimize mechanical design of the coil or use electronic filtering.

Class of FOG	Sensor Coil Parameters			Sensitivity ( $Ω_{μ}$ ), $\deg / h$	Dynamic Range ( $Ω_{π}$ ), $\deg / s$
Class of FOG	L (m)	D (cm)	λ (nm)	Sensitivity ( $Ω_{μ}$ ), $\deg / h$	Dynamic Range ( $Ω_{π}$ ), $\deg / s$
Control	100	3	1550	5.08	4436
Tactical	250	5	1550	1.22	1065
Inertial	1000	10	1550	0.152	133

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