Simulations of imaging Fabry–Perot interferometers for measuring upper-atmospheric temperatures and winds

Yiyi Huang; Jonathan J. Makela; Gary R. Swenson

doi:10.1364/AO.51.003787

Applied Optics
Vol. 51,
Issue 17,
pp. 3787-3800
(2012)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.51.003787

Simulations of imaging Fabry–Perot interferometers for measuring upper-atmospheric temperatures and winds

Yiyi Huang, Jonathan J. Makela, and Gary R. Swenson

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Yiyi Huang, Jonathan J. Makela, and Gary R. Swenson, "Simulations of imaging Fabry–Perot interferometers for measuring upper-atmospheric temperatures and winds," Appl. Opt. 51, 3787-3800 (2012)

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Table of Contents Category
- Instrumentation, Measurement, and Metrology
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: November 11, 2011
- Revised Manuscript: March 21, 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: March 23, 2012
- Published: June 7, 2012

Abstract

We apply an onion-peeling inversion to simulated imaging Fabry–Perot interferometer (FPI) observations for retrieving altitude profiles of neutral temperatures and winds in the thermosphere in order to investigate the effects of realistic gradients in thermospheric parameters on the retrieved parameters. A forward model is developed that simulates the interference spectrum observed by an FPI using the redline (630.0 nm) and greenline (557.7 nm) emissions simulated based on climatological models. This forward model is applicable to both ground- and satellite-based simulations and generates a two-dimensional interference ring pattern. We simulate both a single-band ground-based FPI and a dual-band satellite-based FPI in order to study the effects of realistic vertical and horizontal gradients on the retrieved parameters.

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For nighttime $V_{6300}$ :	$k_{1} = 3.23 \times 1 0^{- 12} e^{3.72 / (T_{i} / 300) - 1.87 / {(T_{i} / 300)}^{2}} {cm}^{3} s^{- 1}$
	$k_{3} = 2.0 \times 10^{- 11} e^{111.8 / T} {cm}^{3} s^{- 1}$
	$k_{4} = 2.9 \times 1 0^{- 11} e^{67.5 / T} {cm}^{3} s^{- 1}$
	$k_{5} = 1.6 \times 1 0^{- 12} T_{e}^{0.91} {cm}^{3} s^{- 1}$
	$A_{1 D} = 6.81 \times 1 0^{- 3} s^{- 1}$
	$A_{6300} = 5.15 \times 1 0^{- 3} s^{- 1}$
	$β_{1 D} = 1.1$
For nighttime $V_{5577}$ :	$k_{1}^{'} = 4.7 \times 1 0^{- 33} {(300 / T)}^{2} {cm}^{3} s^{- 1}$
	$k_{5}^{'} = 4.0 \times 1 0^{- 12} e^{- 865 / T} {cm}^{3} s^{- 1}$
	$A_{5} = 1.18 s^{- 1}$
	$A_{6} = 1.35 s^{- 1}$

Parameter	Value
Thickness of etalon $d$	0.015 m
Etalon reflectivity $R$	76%
Etalon refractive index $μ$	1.0
Etalon diameter	42 cm
System field-of-view	1.8°
System focal length	30 cm
Noise (standard deviation)	readout noise: $1.0 e^{-} rms / pix$
	dark noise: $0.5 e^{-} / s / pix$
	shot noise: square root of signal
Ground-based FPI position	latitude: 40.16°
	longitude: $- 88.7 7^{°}$
Date and time	$20 ∶ 45$ LT 14 February, 2008
Observing direction	elevation angle $4 5^{°}$
	azimuth angle: north
Solar flux index	$F 10.7 = 68.8$

Parameter	Value
Satellite position	[0°, $- 6 0^{°}$ , 550 km]
Date and time	$06 ∶ 00$ UT on January 1, 1992
FPI’s line-of-sight	elevation angle: $- 13.8 °$ , $- 14.8 °$ , $- 15.7 °$ , $- 16.6 °$
	$- 17 °$ , $- 17.4 °$ , $- 17.8 °$ , $- 18.2 °$
	azimuth angle: $- 90 °$ (west)
Solar flux index	$F 10.7 = 240.3$

Parameter	Value
Satellite position	[0°, $- 60 °$ , 550 km]
Date and time	$18 ∶ 00$ UT on January 1, 1992
FPI’s line-of-sight	elevation angle: varies in $- 12 ° - - 20.4 °$ ]
	azimuth angle: $- 90 °$ (west)
Solar flux index	$F 10.7 = 240.3$

For nighttime $V_{6300}$ :	$k_{1} = 3.23 \times 1 0^{- 12} e^{3.72 / (T_{i} / 300) - 1.87 / {(T_{i} / 300)}^{2}} {cm}^{3} s^{- 1}$
	$k_{3} = 2.0 \times 10^{- 11} e^{111.8 / T} {cm}^{3} s^{- 1}$
	$k_{4} = 2.9 \times 1 0^{- 11} e^{67.5 / T} {cm}^{3} s^{- 1}$
	$k_{5} = 1.6 \times 1 0^{- 12} T_{e}^{0.91} {cm}^{3} s^{- 1}$
	$A_{1 D} = 6.81 \times 1 0^{- 3} s^{- 1}$
	$A_{6300} = 5.15 \times 1 0^{- 3} s^{- 1}$
	$β_{1 D} = 1.1$
For nighttime $V_{5577}$ :	$k_{1}^{'} = 4.7 \times 1 0^{- 33} {(300 / T)}^{2} {cm}^{3} s^{- 1}$
	$k_{5}^{'} = 4.0 \times 1 0^{- 12} e^{- 865 / T} {cm}^{3} s^{- 1}$
	$A_{5} = 1.18 s^{- 1}$
	$A_{6} = 1.35 s^{- 1}$

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