Investigation of optical fibers for gas-phase, ultraviolet laser-induced-fluorescence (UV-LIF) spectroscopy

Paul S. Hsu; Waruna D. Kulatilaka; Naibo Jiang; James R. Gord; Sukesh Roy

doi:10.1364/AO.51.004047

Applied Optics
Vol. 51,
Issue 18,
pp. 4047-4057
(2012)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.51.004047

Investigation of optical fibers for gas-phase, ultraviolet laser-induced-fluorescence (UV-LIF) spectroscopy

Paul S. Hsu, Waruna D. Kulatilaka, Naibo Jiang, James R. Gord, and Sukesh Roy

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Paul S. Hsu, Waruna D. Kulatilaka, Naibo Jiang, James R. Gord, and Sukesh Roy, "Investigation of optical fibers for gas-phase, ultraviolet laser-induced-fluorescence (UV-LIF) spectroscopy," Appl. Opt. 51, 4047-4057 (2012)

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Abstract

We investigate the feasibility of transmitting high-power, ultraviolet (UV) laser pulses through long optical fibers for laser-induced-fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy of the hydroxyl radical (OH) and nitric oxide (NO) in reacting and non-reacting flows. The fundamental transmission characteristics of nanosecond (ns)-duration laser pulses are studied at wavelengths of 283 nm (OH excitation) and 226 nm (NO excitation) for state-of-the-art, commercial UV-grade fibers. It is verified experimentally that selected fibers are capable of transmitting sufficient UV pulse energy for single-laser-shot LIF measurements. The homogeneous output-beam profile resulting from propagation through a long multimode fiber is ideal for two-dimensional planar-LIF (PLIF) imaging. A fiber-coupled UV-LIF system employing a 6 m long launch fiber is developed for probing OH and NO. Single-laser-shot OH- and NO-PLIF images are obtained in a premixed flame and in a room-temperature NO-seeded $N_{2}$ jet, respectively. Effects on LIF excitation lineshapes resulting from delivering intense UV laser pulses through long fibers are also investigated. Proof-of-concept measurements demonstrated in the current work show significant promise for fiber-coupled UV-LIF spectroscopy in harsh diagnostic environments such as gas-turbine test beds.

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Fiber Type	Core Diameter (µm)	Cladding	OH Contenta (ppm)	Special Characteristicsb
UV-enhanced fiber (FVP)	400	Fluorine-doped silica	800	Made from standard high-OH perform
Solarization-resistant fiber (UVM)	400	Fluorine-doped silica	800	Modified core preform
Deep-UV-enhanced fiber (FDP)	400	Fluorine-doped silica	800	Made using high-quality silica preform and proprietary fiber-manufacturing processes

Fiber Length (m)	Fiber NA	Input NAa	Output NAb	Beam Quality $M^{2}$
0.3	$0.22 \pm 0.02$	0.026	$0.088 \pm 0.002$	$120 \pm 6$
1	$0.22 \pm 0.02$	0.026	$0.106 \pm 0.004$	$175 \pm 8$
6	$0.22 \pm 0.02$	0.026	$0.222 \pm 0.002$	$233 \pm 11$
10	$0.22 \pm 0.02$	0.026	$0.224 \pm 0.006$	$290 \pm 13$

Damage Mechanism	Damage Fluence( $J / {cm}^{2}$ )	Pulse Duration $τ$ (ns) and Laser Wavelength $λ$ (nm)	Comments	Ref.
Surface damage	120	$τ = 30$ , $λ = 355$	Single-laser-shot	[33]
	40	$τ = 10$ , $λ = 355$		[32]
	10	$τ = 7.5$ , $λ = 308$		[45]
	13–20	$τ = 28$ , $λ = 308$		[30]
	19–31	$τ = 300$ , $λ = 308$	Single-laser-shot	[46]
	40	$τ = 30$ , $λ = 308$	Single-laser-shot	[33]
	2	$τ = 3$ , $λ = 266$	Tight focus,spot diameter $< 40 μm$	[32]
	36	$τ = 18$ , $λ = 248$	Surface is polished by ${CO}_{2}$ laser	[47]
	30	$τ = 30$ , $λ = 248$	Single-laser-shot	[33]
	10	$τ = 30$ , $λ = 193$	Single-laser-shot	[33]
Core-clad interface damage	0.7–1.5	$τ = 5$ , $λ = 392$	Silica core—plastic clad fiber	[37]
	4.8–6.4	$τ = 5$ , $λ = 392$	Silica core—hard clad fiber	[37]
	0.15	$τ = 8$ , $λ = 308$		[19]
	0.87	$τ = 8$ , $λ = 283$	Deep-UV-enhanced fiber	(this work)
	0.145	$τ = 10$ , $λ = 266$		[48]
	0.2–0.5	$τ = 10$ , $λ = 249$		[49]
	0.08	$τ = 4$ , $λ = 225$	UV-grade, all-silica fiber	[42]
	0.25	$τ = 8$ , $λ = 226$	Deep-UV-enhanced fiber	(this work)

Fiber Type	Core Diameter (µm)	Cladding	OH Contenta (ppm)	Special Characteristicsb
UV-enhanced fiber (FVP)	400	Fluorine-doped silica	800	Made from standard high-OH perform
Solarization-resistant fiber (UVM)	400	Fluorine-doped silica	800	Modified core preform
Deep-UV-enhanced fiber (FDP)	400	Fluorine-doped silica	800	Made using high-quality silica preform and proprietary fiber-manufacturing processes

Fiber Length (m)	Fiber NA	Input NAa	Output NAb	Beam Quality $M^{2}$
0.3	$0.22 \pm 0.02$	0.026	$0.088 \pm 0.002$	$120 \pm 6$
1	$0.22 \pm 0.02$	0.026	$0.106 \pm 0.004$	$175 \pm 8$
6	$0.22 \pm 0.02$	0.026	$0.222 \pm 0.002$	$233 \pm 11$
10	$0.22 \pm 0.02$	0.026	$0.224 \pm 0.006$	$290 \pm 13$

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Applied Optics