High-power Ti:sapphire laser at 820&#xA0;nm for scanning ground-based water&#x2013;vapor differential absorption lidar

Gerd Wagner; Andreas Behrendt; Volker Wulfmeyer; Florian Späth; Max Schiller

doi:10.1364/AO.52.002454

Applied Optics
Vol. 52,
Issue 11,
pp. 2454-2469
(2013)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.52.002454

High-power Ti:sapphire laser at 820 nm for scanning ground-based water–vapor differential absorption lidar

Gerd Wagner, Andreas Behrendt, Volker Wulfmeyer, Florian Späth, and Max Schiller

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Gerd Wagner, Andreas Behrendt, Volker Wulfmeyer, Florian Späth, and Max Schiller, "High-power Ti:sapphire laser at 820 nm for scanning ground-based water–vapor differential absorption lidar," Appl. Opt. 52, 2454-2469 (2013)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Remote Sensing and Sensors
Optics & Photonics Topics
?

The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Lidar (010.3640)
- Remote sensing and sensors (120.0280)
- Lasers, solid-state (140.3580)
- Lasers, titanium (140.3590)
- DIAL, differential absorption lidar (280.1910)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: December 18, 2012
- Manuscript Accepted: February 22, 2013
- Published: April 10, 2013

Abstract

The Ti:sapphire (TISA) laser transmitter of the mobile, three-dimensional-scanning water–vapor differential absorption lidar (DIAL) of the University of Hohenheim is described in detail. The dynamically-stable, unidirectional ring resonator contains a single Brewster-cut TISA crystal, which is pumped from both sides with 250 Hz using a diode-pumped frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser. The resonator is injection seeded and actively frequency-stabilized using a phase-sensitive technique. The TISA laser is operating near 820 nm, which is optimum for ground-based water–vapor DIAL measurements. An average output power of up to 6.75 W with a beam quality factor of $M^{2} < 2$ is reached. The pointing stability is $< 13 μrad$ (rms), the depolarization $< 1 %$ . The overall optical–optical conversion efficiency is up to 19%. The pulse length is 40 ns with a pulse linewidth of $< 157 MHz$ . The short- and long-term frequency stabilities are 10 MHz (rms). A spectral purity of 99.9% was determined by pointing to a stratus cloud in low-elevation scanning mode with a cloud bottom height of $\approx 2.4 km$ .

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System, Transmitter Type	Transmitter Properties	Spectral Narrowing Technique	Spectral Properties
LASE [6,7,30,31]	$P = 1 W$	Injection seeding	$λ = 813 - 818 nm$
TISA laser	$E_{p} = 100 - 150 mJ$	Active resonator stabilization	$Δ ω < 114 MHz$ , $Δ ν \pm 159 MHz$
	$f = 10 Hz$		$SP > 99 %$
LEANDRE [32–35]	$P = 0.5 W$	Intracavity Lyot filter, angle-tuned	$λ = 727 - 770 nm$
Alexandrite laser	$E_{p} = 50 mJ$	Etalon, piezo-controlled etalon	$Δ ω \approx 738 MHz$ , $Δ ν \approx 142 MHz$
	$f = 10 Hz$		$SP > 99.99 %$
DLR WALES [37]	$P = 4.5 - 6 W$	Injection seeding	$λ = 935 nm$
KTP OPO	$E_{p} = 45 - 60 mJ$	Active resonator stabilization	$Δ ω = 150 MHz$ , $Δ ν \leq 30 MHz$
	$f = 100 Hz$		$SP \geq 99.9 %$
MPI [41]	$P = 0.93 W$	Injection seeding	$λ = 820 nm$
TISA laser	$E_{p} = 18.6 mJ$	Active resonator stabilization	$Δ ω = 22.5 MHz$ , $Δ ν : n . s$ .
	$f = 50 Hz$		$SP \leq 99.97 %$
IMK IFU [42]	$P = 5 W$	–	$λ = 700 - 950 nm$
OPO with TISA amplifier	$E_{p} = 250 mJ$		$Δ ω = 130 - 250 MHz$ , $Δ ν \pm 5 MHz$
	$f = 20 Hz$		$SP > 99.9 %$
UHOH DIAL [53,56, this article]	$P = 6.75 W$	Injection seeding	$λ = 817 - 825 nm$
TISA laser	$E_{p} = 27 mJ$	Active resonator stabilization	$Δ ω < 157 MHz$ , $Δ ν < 10 MHz$
	$f = 250 Hz$		$SP = 99.9 %$
CODI [43,44]	$P = 0.9 - 1.5 mW$	–	$λ = 823 nm$
Amplified DFB diode laser	$E_{p} = 0.15 μJ$		$Δ ω \approx 12 MHz$ , $Δ ν \pm 80 MHz$
	$f = 6 - 10 kHz$		$SP > 99.9 %$
University of Adelaide [45]	$P = 0.75 mW$	–	$λ = 823 nm$
Amplified Fabry–Perot diode laser	$E_{p} \approx 500 nJ$		$Δ ω = n . s$ , $Δ ν \pm 1 MHz$
	$f = 1.5 kHz$		$SP : n . s$ .
Montana State University [46–48]	$P = 70 mW$	–	$λ = 828 nm$
Amplified ECDL diode laser	$E_{p} = 7 μJ$		$Δ ω = 0.426 MHz$ (seed lasers)
Amplified ECDL diode laser	$f = 10 kHz$		$Δ ν \pm 55 MHz$ , $SP \leq 99.96 %$

Parameter	Requirement	Achieved
Energy and Efficiency
Average power	$> 1 W$	6.75 W
Pulse energy	4–10 mJ	27 mJ
Repetition rate	100–250 Hz	250 Hz
Pulse duration	$< 200 ns$	40 ns
Frequency switch	Pulse-to-pulse on- /off-line	Yes
Mode quality
$M^{2}$	$< 2$	$< 2$
Pointing instability	$< 15 μrad rms$	$< 13 μrad rms$
Spectral properties of the online frequency
Wavelength range (wavenumber)	Within $815 - 825 nm$ ( $12270 - 12121 {cm}^{- 1}$ )	$817 - 825 nm$
Spectral purity	$> 99.5 %$ [40]	99.9%
Bandwidth	$< 400 MHz$	$< 157 M H z$
Frequency instability	$< 210 MHz rms$	$< 10 MHz rms$
Coarse tuning range	1–3 nm typically for reaching suitable absorption lines under different atmospheric conditions	Yes

System, Transmitter Type	Transmitter Properties	Spectral Narrowing Technique	Spectral Properties
LASE [6,7,30,31]	$P = 1 W$	Injection seeding	$λ = 813 - 818 nm$
TISA laser	$E_{p} = 100 - 150 mJ$	Active resonator stabilization	$Δ ω < 114 MHz$ , $Δ ν \pm 159 MHz$
	$f = 10 Hz$		$SP > 99 %$
LEANDRE [32–35]	$P = 0.5 W$	Intracavity Lyot filter, angle-tuned	$λ = 727 - 770 nm$
Alexandrite laser	$E_{p} = 50 mJ$	Etalon, piezo-controlled etalon	$Δ ω \approx 738 MHz$ , $Δ ν \approx 142 MHz$
	$f = 10 Hz$		$SP > 99.99 %$
DLR WALES [37]	$P = 4.5 - 6 W$	Injection seeding	$λ = 935 nm$
KTP OPO	$E_{p} = 45 - 60 mJ$	Active resonator stabilization	$Δ ω = 150 MHz$ , $Δ ν \leq 30 MHz$
	$f = 100 Hz$		$SP \geq 99.9 %$
MPI [41]	$P = 0.93 W$	Injection seeding	$λ = 820 nm$
TISA laser	$E_{p} = 18.6 mJ$	Active resonator stabilization	$Δ ω = 22.5 MHz$ , $Δ ν : n . s$ .
	$f = 50 Hz$		$SP \leq 99.97 %$
IMK IFU [42]	$P = 5 W$	–	$λ = 700 - 950 nm$
OPO with TISA amplifier	$E_{p} = 250 mJ$		$Δ ω = 130 - 250 MHz$ , $Δ ν \pm 5 MHz$
	$f = 20 Hz$		$SP > 99.9 %$
UHOH DIAL [53,56, this article]	$P = 6.75 W$	Injection seeding	$λ = 817 - 825 nm$
TISA laser	$E_{p} = 27 mJ$	Active resonator stabilization	$Δ ω < 157 MHz$ , $Δ ν < 10 MHz$
	$f = 250 Hz$		$SP = 99.9 %$
CODI [43,44]	$P = 0.9 - 1.5 mW$	–	$λ = 823 nm$
Amplified DFB diode laser	$E_{p} = 0.15 μJ$		$Δ ω \approx 12 MHz$ , $Δ ν \pm 80 MHz$
	$f = 6 - 10 kHz$		$SP > 99.9 %$
University of Adelaide [45]	$P = 0.75 mW$	–	$λ = 823 nm$
Amplified Fabry–Perot diode laser	$E_{p} \approx 500 nJ$		$Δ ω = n . s$ , $Δ ν \pm 1 MHz$
	$f = 1.5 kHz$		$SP : n . s$ .
Montana State University [46–48]	$P = 70 mW$	–	$λ = 828 nm$
Amplified ECDL diode laser	$E_{p} = 7 μJ$		$Δ ω = 0.426 MHz$ (seed lasers)
Amplified ECDL diode laser	$f = 10 kHz$		$Δ ν \pm 55 MHz$ , $SP \leq 99.96 %$

Parameter	Requirement	Achieved
Energy and Efficiency
Average power	$> 1 W$	6.75 W
Pulse energy	4–10 mJ	27 mJ
Repetition rate	100–250 Hz	250 Hz
Pulse duration	$< 200 ns$	40 ns
Frequency switch	Pulse-to-pulse on- /off-line	Yes
Mode quality
$M^{2}$	$< 2$	$< 2$
Pointing instability	$< 15 μrad rms$	$< 13 μrad rms$
Spectral properties of the online frequency
Wavelength range (wavenumber)	Within $815 - 825 nm$ ( $12270 - 12121 {cm}^{- 1}$ )	$817 - 825 nm$
Spectral purity	$> 99.5 %$ [40]	99.9%
Bandwidth	$< 400 MHz$	$< 157 M H z$
Frequency instability	$< 210 MHz rms$	$< 10 MHz rms$
Coarse tuning range	1–3 nm typically for reaching suitable absorption lines under different atmospheric conditions	Yes

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