Results of aperture area comparisons for exo-atmospheric total solar irradiance measurements

B. Carol Johnson; Maritoni Litorja; Joel B. Fowler; Eric L. Shirley; Robert A. Barnes; James J. Butler

doi:10.1364/AO.52.007963

Applied Optics
Vol. 52,
Issue 33,
pp. 7963-7980
(2013)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.52.007963

Results of aperture area comparisons for exo-atmospheric total solar irradiance measurements

B. Carol Johnson, Maritoni Litorja, Joel B. Fowler, Eric L. Shirley, Robert A. Barnes, and James J. Butler

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B. Carol Johnson, Maritoni Litorja, Joel B. Fowler, Eric L. Shirley, Robert A. Barnes, and James J. Butler, "Results of aperture area comparisons for exo-atmospheric total solar irradiance measurements," Appl. Opt. 52, 7963-7980 (2013)

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Abstract

Exo-atmospheric solar irradiance measurements made by the solar irradiance community since 1978 have incorporated limiting apertures with diameters measured by a number of metrology laboratories using a variety of techniques. Knowledge of the aperture area is a critical component in the conversion of radiant flux measurements to solar irradiance. A National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Earth Observing System (EOS) sponsored international comparison of aperture area measurements of limiting apertures provided by solar irradiance researchers was performed, the effort being executed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in coordination with the EOS Project Science Office. Apertures that had institutional heritage with historical solar irradiance measurements were measured using the absolute aperture measurement facility at NIST. The measurement technique employed noncontact video microscopy using high-accuracy translation stages. We have quantified the differences between the participating institutions’ aperture area measurements and find no evidence to support the hypothesis that preflight aperture area measurements were the root cause of discrepancies in long-term total solar irradiance satellite measurements. Another result is the assessment of uncertainties assigned to methods used by participants. We find that uncertainties assigned to a participant’s values may be underestimated.

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Instrument or Experiment/Platform	TSI Data Record
ERB, ERBE/Nimbus 7	Nov. 1978 to Dec. 1993
ACRIM I/SMM	Feb. 1980 to Jun. 1989
ERBE/ERBS	Oct. 1984 to Oct. 2005
ERBE/NOAA 9 Satellite	Jan. 1985 to Dec. 1989
ERBE/NOAA 10 Satellite	Oct. 1986 to Dec. 1987
ACRIM II/UARS	Oct. 1991 to Nov. 2001
SOVA/EURECA	Jul. 1992 to Jun. 1993
SOLCON/Spacelab 1, ATLAS and Hitchhiker (space shuttle)	Nov. 1983, Mar. 1992, Apr. 1993, Nov. 1994, Aug. 1997, Oct. 1998, Feb. 2003
VIRGO/SOHO	Dec. 1995 to present
ACRIM III/ACRIMSAT	Apr. 2000 to present
TIM/SORCE	Feb. 2003 to present
SOVIM/ISS	Feb. 2008 to Sept. 2008
SOVAP & PREMOS/PICARD	Jun. 2010 to present
TIM/GLORY	Launch Failure Mar. 2011
TCTEb/NASA/NOAA	Fall 2013 planned launch date
TSISb/JPSS	Fall 2016 planned launch date

Comparison Aperture	Institution	Institution Name	Material	Nominal $d$ (mm)	Data Source
1	RMIB	1S	Ti	10	NPL (2000)
2	RMIB	2S	Ti	10	NPL (2000)
3	RMIB	3S	SST	10	NPL (2000)
4	RMIB	5S	SST	10	NPL (2000)
5	RMIB	#10	SST	10	SMD (1984)
6	RMIB	#8	SST	10	SMD (1984)
7	RMIB	#5	SST	5	NPL (1985)
8	RMIB	#8.5	SST	8.5	NPL (1985)
9	RMIB	#3	SST	10	SMD (1984)
10	RMIB	#9	SST	10	SMD (1984)
11	PMOD/WRC	PMO609	SST	5	METAS (1984)
12	PMOD/WRC	PMO611	SST	5	METAS (1984)
13	PMOD/WRC	SOVA R 111	SST	5	METAS (1988)
14	PMOD/WRC	SOVA R 113	SST	5	METAS (1988)
15	PMOD/WRC	VIRGO 2	SST	5	METAS (1992)
16	PMOD/WRC	VIRGO 3	SST	5	METAS (1992)
17	LaRC	A	Al	8	TRW (1985)
18	LaRC	C	Al	8	TRW (1985)
19	LaRC	D	Al	8	TRW (1985)
20	LaRC	307NS	Cu	6.3	TRW (1985)
21	JPL	ACRII 1	Al	8	JPL (2006)
22	JPL	ACRII 2	Al	8	JPL (2006)
23	JPL	ACRIII 1	Al	8	JPL (2006)
24	JPL	ACRIII 2	Al	8	JPL (2006)
25	JPL	ACRIII 3	Al	8	JPL (2006)

Inst.	Unc.	1S	2S	3S	5S	#10
NIST	$u_{fit} (r)$	53.1 nm	55.9 nm	17.6 nm	26.9 nm	335.1 nm
NIST	$u_{stage} (r)$	26.0 nm	26.0 nm	26.1 nm	26.1 nm	26.0 nm
NIST	$u_{image} (r)$	4.0 nm	4.0 nm	4.0 nm	4.0 nm	4.0 nm
NIST	$u_{temp} (r)$	4.3 nm	4.3 nm	8.7 nm	26.1 nm	5.0 nm
NIST	$u_{geom} (r)$	41.0 nm	70.5 nm	43.8 nm	81.1 nm	4.1 nm
NIST	$u (r)$ , $k = 1$	72.2 nm	93.9 nm	54.8 nm	93.2 nm	336.2 nm
NIST	$u (d)$ , $k = 2$	0.289 μm	0.376 μm	0.219 μm	0.373 μm	1.35 μm
RMIB	$u (d)$ , $k = 2$	0.5 μm	0.6 μm	0.96 μm	1.09 μm	1.0 μm

Inst.	Unc.	#8	#5	#8.5	#3	#9
NIST	$u_{fit} (r)$	16.1 nm	21.3 nm	30.0 nm	77.1 nm	95.4 nm
NIST	$u_{stage} (r)$	26.0 nm	13.0 nm	22.1 nm	26.0 nm	26.0 nm
NIST	$u_{image} (r)$	4.0 nm	4.0 nm	4.0 nm	4.0 nm	4.0 nm
NIST	$u_{temp} (r)$	5.0 nm	2.5 nm	4.3 nm	5.0 nm	5.0 nm
NIST	$u_{geom} (r)$	2.6 nm	31.0 nm	4.3 nm	17.7 nm	34.5 nm
NIST	$u (r)$ , $k = 1$	31.4 nm	40.1 nm	37.9 nm	83.5 nm	104.9 nm
NIST	$u (d)$ , $k = 2$	0.125 μm	0.160 μm	0.152 μm	0.334 μm	0.420 μm
RMIB	$u (d)$ , $k = 2$	1.0 μm	1.0 μm	1.0 μm	1.0 μm	1.0 μm

Inst.	Unc.	PMOD609	PMOD611	SOVA R 111	SOVA R 113	VIRGO 2	VIRGO 3
NIST	$u_{fit} (r)$	103.9 nm	41.7 nm	54.7 nm	17.4 nm	42.8 nm	20.7 nm
NIST	$u_{stage} (r)$	13.0 nm	13.0 nm	13.0 nm	13.0 nm	13.0 nm	13.0 nm
NIST	$u_{image} (r)$	4.0 nm	4.0 nm	4.0 nm	4.0 nm	4.0 nm	4.0 nm
NIST	$u_{temp} (r)$	7.9 nm	5.3 nm	5.3 nm	15.9 nm	2.6 nm	2.7 nm
NIST	$u_{geom} (r)$	60.4 nm	17.4 nm	9.3 nm	4.7 nm	5.6 nm	3.3 nm
NIST	$u (r)$ , $k = 1$	121.3 nm	47.5 nm	57.4 nm	27.6 nm	45.3 nm	25.2 nm
NIST	$u (d)$ , $k = 2$	0.485 μm	0.190 μm	0.230 μm	0.110 μm	0.181 μm	0.101 μm
PMOD/WRC	$u (d)$ , $k = 2$	1.0 μm	1.0 μm	1.0 μm	1.0 μm	1.0 μm	1.0 μm

Inst.	Unc.	A	C	D	307NS
NIST	$u_{fit} (r)$	1.32 μm	1.81 μm	2.46 μm	0.967 μm
NIST	$u_{stage} (r)$	20.9 nm	21.0 nm	21.0 nm	16.5 nm
NIST	$u_{image} (r)$	4.0 nm	4.0 nm	4.0 nm	4.0 nm
NIST	$u_{temp} (r)$	9.3 nm	9.4 nm	9.4 nm	5.3 nm
NIST	$u_{geom} (r)$	33.8 nm	31.3 nm	31.4 nm	130.4 nm
NIST	$u (r)$ , $k = 1$	1.32 μm	1.81 μm	2.46 μm	0.976 μm
NIST	$u (d)$ , $k = 2$	5.29 μm	7.24 μm	9.84 μm	3.91 μm
LaRC	$u (d)$ , $k = 2$	10.16 μm	10.16 μm	10.16 μm	10.16 μm

Inst.	Unc.	ACRII 1	ACRII 2	ACRIII 1	ACRIII 2	ACRIII 3
NIST	$u_{fit} (r)$	168.5 nm	366.6 nm	179.3 nm	499.3 nm	197.0 nm
NIST	$u_{stage} (r)$	21.1 nm	20.8 nm	20.7 nm	20.9 nm	20.7 nm
NIST	$u_{image} (r)$	4.0 nm	4.0 nm	4.0 nm	4.0 nm	4.0 nm
NIST	$u_{temp} (r)$	9.4 nm	9.3 nm	9.2 nm	9.3 nm	9.2 nm
NIST	$u_{geom} (r)$	18.8 nm	21.4 nm	9.8 nm	5.8 nm	13.5 nm
NIST	$u (r)$ , $k = 1$	171.2 nm	368.0 nm	181.0 nm	499.9 nm	198.8 nm
NIST	$u (d)$ , $k = 2$	0.685 μm	1.47 μm	0.724 μm	2.00 μm	0.795 μm
JPL	$u (d)$ , $k = 2$	3.24 μm	3.41 μm	3.48 μm	9.43 μm	1.26 μm

Comparison Designation	Participant Designation	Material	$α ° C^{- 1}$
1, 2	1S, 2S	Ti	$8.6 \times 10^{- 6}$
3, 4	3S, 5S	SST	$17.3 \times 10^{- 6}$
5 to 10	#10, #8, #5, #8.5, #3, #9	SST	$10.0 \times 10^{- 6}$
11 to 16	PMO609, PMO611, SOVA R 111, SOVA R 113, VIRGO 2, VIRGO 3	SST	$10.6 \times 10^{- 6}$
17, 18, 19	A, C, D	Al	$23.2 \times 10^{- 6}$
20	307NS	Cu	$16.7 \times 10^{- 6}$
21 to 25	ACRII 1, ACRII 2, ACRIII 1, ACRIII 2, ACRIII 3	Al	$23.2 \times 10^{- 6}$

Comp. Ap.	Inst.	Inst. Name	$A_{NIST} ({mm}^{2})$	NIST $u (A) / A$	$A_{Inst} ({mm}^{2})$	Inst. $u (A) / A$	$A_{Inst} / A_{NIST}$	$u (A_{Inst} / A_{NIST})$
1	RMIB	1S	78.7368	$5.77 E - 05$	78.7545	$9.99 E - 05$	1.00023	$1.15 E - 04$
2	RMIB	2S	78.7534	$7.50 E - 05$	78.7657	$1.20 E - 04$	1.00016	$1.41 E - 04$
3	RMIB	3S	79.3966	$4.36 E - 05$	79.4193	$1.91 E - 04$	1.00029	$1.96 E - 04$
4	RMIB	5S	79.4422	$7.41 E - 05$	79.4644	$2.17 E - 04$	1.00028	$2.29 E - 04$
5	RMIB	#10	78.4918	$2.69 E - 04$	78.4966	$2.00 E - 04$	1.00006	$3.35 E - 04$
6	RMIB	#8	78.5037	$2.51 E - 05$	78.4896	$2.00 E - 04$	0.99982	$2.02 E - 04$
7	RMIB	#5	19.7845	$6.39 E - 05$	19.8010	$3.98 E - 04$	1.00084	$4.03 E - 04$
8	RMIB	#8.5	56.7972	$3.57 E - 05$	56.8205	$2.35 E - 04$	1.00041	$2.38 E - 04$
9	RMIB	#3	78.3264	$6.69 E - 05$	78.3734	$2.00 E - 04$	1.00060	$2.11 E - 04$
10	RMIB	#9	78.3605	$8.40 E - 05$	78.4295	$2.00 E - 04$	1.00088	$2.17 E - 04$
11	PMOD/WRC	PMO609	19.5762	$1.94 E - 04$	19.5910	$4.00 E - 04$	1.00075	$4.45 E - 04$
12	PMOD/WRC	PMO611	19.6546	$7.59 E - 05$	19.6727	$4.00 E - 04$	1.00092	$4.07 E - 04$
13	PMOD/WRC	SOVA R 111	19.7030	$9.17 E - 05$	19.7169	$3.99 E - 04$	1.00071	$4.10 E - 04$
14	PMOD/WRC	SOVA R 113	19.5808	$4.42 E - 05$	19.5919	$4.00 E - 04$	1.00056	$4.03 E - 04$
15	PMOD/WRC	VIRGO 2	19.5771	$7.26 E - 05$	19.5886	$4.00 E - 04$	1.00059	$4.07 E - 04$
16	PMOD/WRC	VIRGO 3	19.7567	$4.02 E - 05$	19.7640	$3.99 E - 04$	1.00037	$4.01 E - 04$
17	LaRC	A	50.6085	$1.32 E - 03$	50.5693	$2.53 E - 03$	0.99923	$2.85 E - 03$
18	LaRC	C	51.3070	$1.79 E - 03$	51.2846	$2.51 E - 03$	0.99956	$3.09 E - 03$
19	LaRC	D	51.2521	$2.44 E - 03$	51.1316	$2.52 E - 03$	0.99765	$3.50 E - 03$
20	LaRC	307NS	31.6356	$1.23 E - 03$	31.7199	$3.20 E - 03$	1.00267	$3.43 E - 03$
21	JPL	ACRII 1	51.9351	$1.68 E - 04$	51.6849	$7.99 E - 04$	0.99518	$8.17 E - 04$
22	JPL	ACRII 2	50.4882	$3.67 E - 04$	50.2948	$8.53 E - 04$	0.99617	$9.29 E - 04$
23	JPL	ACRIII 1	49.8669	$1.82 E - 04$	49.7287	$8.75 E - 04$	0.99723	$8.93 E - 04$
24	JPL	ACRIII 2	50.5308	$4.99 E - 04$	50.3619	$2.36 E - 03$	0.99666	$2.41 E - 03$
25	JPL	ACRIII 3	49.8577	$2.00 E - 04$	49.6641	$3.18 E - 04$	0.99612	$3.76 E - 04$

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Equations (3)

Applied Optics