Study of optical design of three-dimensional digital ophthalmoscopes

Yi-Chin Fang; Chih-Ta Yen; Chin-Hsien Chu

doi:10.1364/AO.54.00E224

Applied Optics
Vol. 54,
Issue 28,
pp. E224-E234
(2015)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.54.00E224

Study of optical design of three-dimensional digital ophthalmoscopes

Yi-Chin Fang, Chih-Ta Yen, and Chin-Hsien Chu

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Yi-Chin Fang, Chih-Ta Yen, and Chin-Hsien Chu, "Study of optical design of three-dimensional digital ophthalmoscopes," Appl. Opt. 54, E224-E234 (2015)

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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: August 26, 2015
- Revised Manuscript: August 27, 2015
- Manuscript Accepted: September 5, 2015
- Published: September 25, 2015
Virtual Issues
Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics Vol. 10, Iss. 10

Abstract

This study primarily involves using optical zoom structures to design a three-dimensional (3D) human-eye optical sensory system with infrared and visible light. According to experimental data on two-dimensional (2D) and 3D images, human-eye recognition of 3D images is substantially higher (approximately 13.182%) than that of 2D images. Thus, 3D images are more effective than 2D images when they are used at work or in high-recognition devices. In the optical system design, infrared and visible light wavebands were incorporated as light sources to perform simulations. The results can be used to facilitate the design of optical systems suitable for 3D digital ophthalmoscopes.

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	3D TV		3D Projector		3D Laptop		3D Phone
Image	2D	3D	2D	3D	2D	3D	2D	3D
Number of experiments	20		20		20		20
Playback mode	Every 5 s occur randomly		Every 5 s occur randomly		Every 5 s occur randomly		Every 5 s occur randomly
Site light illumination	$10 lux / m^{2}$		$10 lux / m^{2}$		$10 lux / m^{2}$		$10 lux / m^{2}$
Test distance	300 cm		250 cm		70 cm		30 cm
Image size	50 cm		50 cm		9 cm		4.3 cm
Perspective	About 5°		About 5°		About 5°		About 5°
Effective sample screening	$\pm 3$ standard deviation(According to the normal distribution theory, take $\pm 3 σ$ effective samples at the confidence level in 99.73%)

ANOVA
Source of Variable	DF	SS	MS	$F$ -Test	$P$ -Value	Critical Point
2D versus 3D	1	0.3837	0.3835	5.7906	0.0335	3.9631
Shape	6	0.9418	0.1667	3.3743	0.0061	2.3562
Interaction	6	0.0256	0.005	0.0862	0.9885	2.3358
Error	95	4.6585	0.0673
Total	98	6.0096

Initial Conditions of Design		P.S
Image height	5.26 mm
Source wavelength	Photonic 5 with 486 546 653 955 985 nm
Focal length	15.56 mm–77.8 mm
Zoom ratio	$5 \times$	ZOOM1: 15.861 mm, NA 0.11 ZOOM2: 31.729 mm, NA 0.16 ZOOM3: 47.583 mm, NA 0.21 ZOOM4: 63.441 mm, NA 0.27 ZOOM5: 79.364 mm, NA 0.33
NA	0.11–0.33
Overall length	80 mm
Optical distortion	$< 3 %$

Surface#	Surface Type	$Y$ Radius	Thickness	Glass	Refract Mode	$Y$ Semi-Aperture
Object	Sphere	Infinity	Infinity		Refract
1	Sphere	16.0997	3.6563	764812.456	Refract	9.5313
2	Sphere	144.8648	2.3515		Refract	9.2028
3	Sphere	49.3317	1.3111	734649.473	Refract	7.6011
4	Sphere	19.4424	3.3846		Refract	6.9786
5	Aspherical	−28.1353	0.5600	745434.400	Refract	6.5435
6	Sphere	15.4521	32.8216		Refract	6.3929
7	Aspherical	12.6245	2.3763	664971.529	Refract	6.4846
8	Aspherical	−37.8598	0.1253		Refract	6.4699
9	Sphere	−44.9715	0.8600	751490.298	Refract	6.4151
10	Sphere	26.9470	1.9973		Refract	6.3303
11	Sphere	53.9265	1.2559	664487.538	Refract	6.3306
12	Sphere	−39.4237	0.1820		Refract	6.3375
Stop	Sphere	Infinity	5.1684		Refract	2.2529
14	Sphere	12.8556	0.8055	682310.507	Refract	3.8132
15	Sphere	152.1144	0.7832		Refract	3.7667
16	Sphere	−27.8810	2.1562	728531.289	Refract	3.7660
17	Sphere	8.8559	1.6465		Refract	3.4708
18	Sphere	−7.0954	2.1960	487585.703	Refract	4.9378
19	Sphere	−8.2005	2.9095		Refract	5.6730
20	Sphere	10.9160	4.9887	640511.520	Refract	6.3436
21	Aspherical	−66.0927	9.1253		Refract	5.8467
Image	Sphere	Infinity	0.0000	“humor”	Refract	2.7128

	3D TV		3D Projector		3D Laptop		3D Phone
Image	2D	3D	2D	3D	2D	3D	2D	3D
Number of experiments	20		20		20		20
Playback mode	Every 5 s occur randomly		Every 5 s occur randomly		Every 5 s occur randomly		Every 5 s occur randomly
Site light illumination	$10 lux / m^{2}$		$10 lux / m^{2}$		$10 lux / m^{2}$		$10 lux / m^{2}$
Test distance	300 cm		250 cm		70 cm		30 cm
Image size	50 cm		50 cm		9 cm		4.3 cm
Perspective	About 5°		About 5°		About 5°		About 5°
Effective sample screening	$\pm 3$ standard deviation(According to the normal distribution theory, take $\pm 3 σ$ effective samples at the confidence level in 99.73%)

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Applied Optics