Retrieving mesopause temperature and line-of-sight wind from full-diurnal-cycle Na lidar observations

David A. Krueger; Chiao-Yao She; Tao Yuan

doi:10.1364/AO.54.009469

Applied Optics
Vol. 54,
Issue 32,
pp. 9469-9489
(2015)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.54.009469

Retrieving mesopause temperature and line-of-sight wind from full-diurnal-cycle Na lidar observations

David A. Krueger, Chiao-Yao She, and Tao Yuan

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David A. Krueger, Chiao-Yao She, and Tao Yuan, "Retrieving mesopause temperature and line-of-sight wind from full-diurnal-cycle Na lidar observations," Appl. Opt. 54, 9469-9489 (2015)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Lidar
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.
Previously assigned OCIS codes
- Instrumentation, measurement, and metrology (120.0120)
- Remote sensing and sensors (280.0280)

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: May 18, 2015
- Revised Manuscript: October 2, 2015
- Manuscript Accepted: October 3, 2015
- Published: November 5, 2015

Abstract

Narrowband Na lidar measurement of mesopause region temperatures were pioneered by Fricke and von Zahn in 1985, in 1990 by She et al. at Colorado State University (CSU), with upgrades to measure both temperature and wind in 1994, and under sunlit conditions in 1996 with 24 h continuous observational capability in 2002. This paper details the assumptions and procedures for the retrieval of mesopause region temperatures, line-of-sight winds, and sodium densities from day and night signals from the CSU narrowband Na lidar. The Hanle effect and the effect of the pulsed laser line shape function on the accuracy of temperature and LOS wind retrieval are also discussed.

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$q_{f F}^{π} (0, θ_{0})$	$\| 5 〉$ ( $F = 0$ )	$\| 6 〉$ ( $F = 1$ )	$\| 7 〉$ ( $F = 2$ )	$\| 8 〉$ ( $F = 3$ )
$\| 1 〉$ ( $f = 1$ )	1	1.1	1
$\| 2 〉$ ( $f = 2$ )		0.98	1	1.12

$ν_{i} = ν_{f F f^{'}}$	Level 5 ( $F = 0$ )	Level 6 ( $F = 1$ )	Level 7 ( $F = 2$ )	Level 8 ( $F = 3$ )
(1, 1)	$ν_{0} = ν_{151} = 2 ν_{51} - ν$	$ν_{1} = ν_{161} = 2 ν_{61} - ν$	$ν_{2} = ν_{171} = 2 ν_{71} - ν$
(1, 2)		$ν_{3} = ν_{162} = ν_{61} + ν_{62} - ν$	$ν_{4} = ν_{172} = ν_{71} + ν_{72} - ν$
(2, 2)		$ν_{5} = ν_{262} = 2 ν_{62} - ν$	$ν_{6} = ν_{272} = 2 ν_{72} - ν$	$ν_{7} = ν_{282} = 2 ν_{82} - ν$
(2, 1)		$ν_{8} = ν_{261} = ν_{62} + ν_{61} - ν$	$ν_{9} = ν_{271} = ν_{72} + ν_{71} - ν$

$α_{i}^{π} (0)$	$\| 5 〉$ ( $F = 0$ )	$\| 6 〉$ ( $F = 1$ )	$\| 7 〉$ ( $F = 2$ )	$\| 8 〉$ ( $F = 3$ )
(1, 1)	1	5.625/6	1.175/2	0
(1, 2)	0	0.975/6	0.825/2	0
(2, 2)	0	1.005/6	1.175/2	1.12
(2, 1)	0	4.875/6	0.825/2	0

$Δ T \| Δ V$ $T_{WH} \| V_{WH}$	$R_{V} = - 0.2$	−0.1	0
$R_{T} = 0.25$	−0.14\|0.83 124.0\|−64.9	−0.12\|0.85 131.5\|−37.4	−0.09\|0.87 134.6\|−9.7
0.3	−0.22\|0.78 142.8\|−64.5	−0.18\|0.80 150.2\|−38.2	−0.13\|0.82 153.8\|−11.3
0.35	−0.33\|0.71 162.2\|−65.9	−0.27\|0.73 170.1\|−40.1	−0.21\|0.76 174.3\|−13.5
0.4	−0.49\|0.63 182.6\|−68.9	−0.41\|0.64 191.4\|−43.2	−0.32\|0.68 196.6\|−16.5
0.45	−0.72\|0.53 204.3\|−73.5	−0.62\|0.54 214.4\|−47.6	−0.50\|0.57 221.0\|−20.3
0.5	−1.05\|0.43 227.5\|−79.7	−0.92\|0.41 239.6\|−53.3	−0.77\|0.43 247.9\|−25.2
0.55	−1.50\|0.32 252.7\|−87.6	−1.36\|0.27 267.2\|−60.6	−1.17\|0.26 277.9\|−31.5
$Δ T \| Δ V$ $T_{WH} \| V_{WH}$	$R_{V} = 0.1$	0.2	0.3
$R_{T} = 0.25$	−0.07\|0.89 133.5\|18.0	−0.06\|0.91 127.9\|45.4	−0.04\|0.92 117.3\|72.5
0.3	−0.10\|0.86 153.3\|15.6	−0.07\|0.89 148.8\|42.0	−0.05\|0.91 139.9\|67.6
0.35	−0.15\|0.80 174.7\|13.2	−0.11\|0.85 171.0\|39.5	−0.08\|0.88 163.3\|64.8
0.4	−0.24\|0.73 198.0\|10.6	−0.17\|0.78 195.2\|37.3	−0.12\|0.83 188.4\|62.9
0.45	−0.39\|0.62 223.6\|7.5	−0.28\|0.69 221.9\|35.1	−0.19\|0.75 215.9\|61.6
0.5	−0.61\|0.48 252.1\|3.7	−0.46\|0.56 251.8\|32.5	−0.32\|0.64 246.8\|60.4
0.55	−0.95\|0.30 284.2\|−1.2	−0.73\|0.38 285.6\|29.4	−0.54\|0.48 281.8\|59.1

$Δ T \| Δ V$ $T_{1} \| V_{1}$	$R_{V} = - 0.2$	−0.1	0
$R_{T} = 0.25$	−2.25\|−0.53 120.6\|−65.0	−2.24\|−0.45 128.1\|−37.5	−2.26\|−0.39 131.3\|−9.7
0.3	−2.25\|−0.51 139.4\|−64.5	−2.25\|−0.46 146.8\|−38.2	−2.27\|−0.41 150.4\|−11.3
0.35	−2.26\|−0.49 158.8\|−65.9	−2.27\|−0.46 166.7\|−40.1	−2.28\|−0.43 171.0\|−13.5
0.4	−2.27\|−0.48 179.2\|−68.9	−2.28\|−0.45 188.0\|−43.2	−2.29\|−0.43 193.3\|−16.4
0.45	−2.28\|−0.47 200.9\|−73.5	−2.29\|−0.45 211.1\|−47.5	−2.30\|−0.43 217.7\|−20.3
0.5	−2.29\|−0.46 224.1\|−79.6	−2.30\|−0.44 236.2\|−53.2	−2.31\|−0.43 244.6\|−25.2
0.55	−2.29\|−0.45 249.3\|−87.5	−2.30\|−0.44 263.8\|−60.6	−2.32\|−0.42 274.6\|−31.5
	$R_{V} = 0.1$	0.2	0.3
$R_{T} = 0.25$	−2.30\|−0.33 130.2\|18.1	−2.35\|−0.27 124.6\|45.5	−2.46\|−0.19 114.1\|72.6
0.3	−2.30\|−0.38 150.0\|15.6	−2.34\|−0.34 145.5\|42.1	−2.40\|−0.30 136.7\|67.7
0.35	−2.30\|−0.40 171.3\|13.3	−2.34\|−0.38 167.7\|39.6	−2.38\|−0.36 160.0\|64.8
0.4	−2.31\|−0.41 194.6\|10.7	−2.34\|−0.40 191.9\|37.4	−2.38\|−0.38 185.1\|63.0
0.45	−2.32\|−0.42 220.2\|7.6	−2.35\|−0.41 218.6\|35.1	−2.38\|−0.40 212.6\|61.7
0.5	−2.33\|−0.42 248.8\|3.7	−2.35\|−0.41 248.4\|32.6	−2.38\|−0.41 243.4\|60.5
0.55	−2.33\|−0.41 280.9\|−1.2	−2.36\|−0.41 282.2\|29.4	−2.38\|−0.40 278.5\|59.2

$ν L$ ; $F_{F F}^{i}$	$ν_{0}$	$ν_{1}$	$ν_{2}$	$ν_{3} & ν_{8}$
$ν_{+} = - 0.0214$	2.103	2.135	2.204	0.363
$F_{F F}^{i} (ν_{i}; ν_{+})$	0.488	0.481	0.469	0.992
$ν_{a} = - 0.6514$	2.733	2.765	2.834	0.993
$F_{F F}^{i} (ν_{i}; ν_{a})$	0.402	0.400	0.394	0.914
$ν_{-} = - 1.2814$	3.363	3.395	3.464	1.623
$F_{F F}^{i} (ν_{i}; ν_{-})$	0.346	0.343	0.336	0.629
νL; $F_{F F}^{i}$	$ν_{4} & ν_{9}$	$ν_{5}$	$ν_{6}$	$ν_{7}$
$ν_{+} = - 0.0214$	0.432	−1.409	−1.340	−1.222
$F_{F F}^{i} (ν_{i}; ν_{+})$	0.994	0.652	0.681	0.734
$ν_{a} = - 0.6514$	1.062	−0.779	−0.710	−0.592
$F_{F F}^{i} (ν_{i}; ν_{a})$	0.887	0.917	0.936	0.959
$ν_{-} = - 1.2814$	1.692	$- 0.149$	$- 0.080$	0.038
$F_{F F}^{i} (ν_{i}; ν_{-})$	0.603	0.980	0.980	0.980

Line Strength	$S_{61}$	$S_{62}$	$S_{82}$
No Hanle effect	5	1	14
With Hanle ( $B = 0$ )	5.50	0.98	15.68
Hanle ( $B = 52 μT$ ; $θ = - 30 °$ );	5.49	0.98	15.65
Hanle ( $B = 52 μT$ ; $θ = - 30 °$ );	5.50	0.98	15.68
Hanle ( $B = 52 μT$ ; $θ = 0 °$ );	5.48	0.98	15.60
Hanle ( $B = 52 μT$ ; $θ = 0 °$ );	5.50	0.98	15.68
Hanle ( $B = 52 μT$ ; $θ = 30 °$ );	5.49	0.98	15.64
Hanle ( $B = 52 μT$ ; $θ = 30 °$ );	5.50	0.98	15.68

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