Simulation and observation for volume emission rates emitted from O<sub>2</sub>(0-1) and O(<sup>1</sup>S) nightglow in northwest China

Yuanhe Tang; Peng Sun; Haiyang Gao; Jin Cui; Zijian Li; Haoxuan Wang; Huan Lv; Min Jia; Hanchen Liu; Cunxia Li; Qingsong Liu

doi:10.1364/AO.58.001093

Applied Optics
Vol. 58,
Issue 4,
pp. 1093-1100
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.58.001093

Simulation and observation for volume emission rates emitted from O₂(0-1) and O(¹S) nightglow in northwest China

Yuanhe Tang, Peng Sun, Haiyang Gao, Jin Cui, Zijian Li, Haoxuan Wang, Huan Lv, Min Jia, Hanchen Liu, Cunxia Li, and Qingsong Liu

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Yuanhe Tang, Peng Sun, Haiyang Gao, Jin Cui, Zijian Li, Haoxuan Wang, Huan Lv, Min Jia, Hanchen Liu, Cunxia Li, and Qingsong Liu, "Simulation and observation for volume emission rates emitted from O₂(0-1) and O(¹S) nightglow in northwest China," Appl. Opt. 58, 1093-1100 (2019)

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- Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: November 6, 2018
- Revised Manuscript: December 18, 2018
- Manuscript Accepted: December 19, 2018
- Published: January 31, 2019

Abstract

Being susceptible to the change of atmospheric conditions, the volume emission rate (VER) is very suitable to be used as a light source by passive remote sensing for measuring atmospheric wind and temperature. Thus, the VERs emitted from $O_{2} (0 ‐ 1)$ and $O ({}^{1}S)$ of the nightglow at 80–120 km are studied in this paper. Based on the Naval Research Laboratory Mass Spectrometer Incoherent Scatter (NRLMSISE-00) model data and the ground-based airglow imaging interferometer (GBAII) instrument observation for a local time and place, simulated VER profiles represented by four layers are obtained for the nightglow of $O_{2} (0 ‐ 1)$ and $O ({}^{1}S)$ . The $O_{2} (0 ‐ 1)$ nightglow model peak values at 94 km on 6 December 2013 and 8 November 2011 are $8111 photons \cdot {cm}^{- 3} \cdot s^{- 1}$ and $8406 photons \cdot {cm}^{- 3} \cdot s^{- 1}$ , respectively; however, the $O ({}^{1}S)$ VER peak at a higher altitude of about 96 km on 18 December 2011 is only $338 photons \cdot {cm}^{- 3} \cdot s^{- 1}$ . The upper atmospheric VER values have been derived to transfer into the ground–based detected column intensities by our GBAII prototype. The calculated column integrated emission rates (IERs) of $O_{2} (0 ‐ 1)$ for 0° and 45° zenith angles are $1.48 \times 10^{7}$ and $1.91 \times 10^{7} photons \cdot {cm}^{- 2} \cdot s^{- 1}$ , respectively; the calculated column IERs of $O ({}^{1}S)$ are $5.53 \times 10^{5}$ and $7.03 \times 10^{5} photons \cdot {cm}^{- 2} \cdot s^{- 1}$ , respectively. Correspondingly, the detected column IERs obtained by GBAII are $2.43 \times 10^{7}$ for $O_{2} (0 ‐ 1)$ and $6.57 \times 10^{5} photons \cdot {cm}^{- 2} \cdot s^{- 1}$ for $O ({}^{1}S)$ .

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Altitude	8 November 2011				6 December 2013
Altitude	$a_{1}$	$a_{2}$	$a_{3}$	$a_{4}$	$a_{1}$	$a_{2}$	$a_{3}$	$a_{4}$
$81 < h < 86 km$	5.4145	$- 1.3236 \times 10^{3}$	$1.0785 \times 10^{5}$	$- 2.9292 \times 10^{6}$	5.2482	$- 1.2830 \times 10^{3}$	$1.0454 \times 10^{5}$	$- 2.8394 \times 10^{6}$
$86 < h < 94 km$	−28.219	$7.6283 \times 10^{3}$	$- 6.8593 \times 10^{5}$	$2.0521 \times 10^{6}$	−27.786	$7.5089 \times 10^{3}$	$- 6.7502 \times 10^{5}$	$2.0190 \times 10^{7}$
$94 < h < 102 km$	22.410	$- 6.5978 \times 10^{3}$	$6.4622 \times 10^{5}$	$- 2.1052 \times 10^{7}$	21.747e	$- 6.3960 \times 10^{3}$	$6.2583 \times 10^{5}$	$- 2.0367 \times 10^{7}$
$102 < h < 110 km$	−3.6638	$1.1919 \times 10^{3}$	$- 1.2928 \times 10^{5}$	$4.6743 \times 10^{6}$	−3.4401	$1.1182 \times 10^{3}$	$- 1.2117 \times 10^{5}$	$4.3773 \times 10^{6}$

Wavelength (nm)	Transmittance (0° zenith angle)	Transmittance (45° zenith angle)	Selected Parameters from MODTRAN Model	Date
867.7	0.670	0.567	Urban visibility of 10 km, ground temperature of 278 K	8 Nov. 2011
867.7	0.671	0.560	Urban visibility of 10 km, ground temperature of 270 K	6 Dec. 2013
867.7	0.833	0.758	Rural visibility of 23 km, ground temperature of 278 K	18 Apr. 2018
557.7	0.658	0.551	Rural visibility of 23 km, ground temperature of 273 K	18 Dec. 2011

Observation Date	Nightglow	Calculated ${IER}_{C}$ (0° zenith angle)	Calculated ${IER}_{C}$ (45° zenith angle)	Detected ${IER}_{D}$ (45° zenith angle)	Error
8 Nov. 2011	$O_{2} (0 - 1)$	$1.48 \times 10^{7}$	$1.91 \times 10^{7}$	$2.43 \times 10^{7}$	27.2%
6 Dec. 2013	$O_{2} (0 - 1)$	$1.42 \times 10^{7}$	$1.79 \times 10^{7}$	$1.65 \times 10^{7}$	7.8%
18 Apr. 2018	$O_{2} (0 - 1)$	No data	No data	$1.29 \times 10^{7}$
18 Dec. 2011	$O ({}^{1}S)$	$5.53 \times 10^{5}$	$7.03 \times 10^{5}$	$6.57 \times 10^{5}$	6.5%
18 Apr. 2018	$O ({}^{1}S)$	No data	No data	$1.347 \times 10^{6}$

Altitude	8 November 2011				6 December 2013
Altitude	$a_{1}$	$a_{2}$	$a_{3}$	$a_{4}$	$a_{1}$	$a_{2}$	$a_{3}$	$a_{4}$
$81 < h < 86 km$	5.4145	$- 1.3236 \times 10^{3}$	$1.0785 \times 10^{5}$	$- 2.9292 \times 10^{6}$	5.2482	$- 1.2830 \times 10^{3}$	$1.0454 \times 10^{5}$	$- 2.8394 \times 10^{6}$
$86 < h < 94 km$	−28.219	$7.6283 \times 10^{3}$	$- 6.8593 \times 10^{5}$	$2.0521 \times 10^{6}$	−27.786	$7.5089 \times 10^{3}$	$- 6.7502 \times 10^{5}$	$2.0190 \times 10^{7}$
$94 < h < 102 km$	22.410	$- 6.5978 \times 10^{3}$	$6.4622 \times 10^{5}$	$- 2.1052 \times 10^{7}$	21.747e	$- 6.3960 \times 10^{3}$	$6.2583 \times 10^{5}$	$- 2.0367 \times 10^{7}$
$102 < h < 110 km$	−3.6638	$1.1919 \times 10^{3}$	$- 1.2928 \times 10^{5}$	$4.6743 \times 10^{6}$	−3.4401	$1.1182 \times 10^{3}$	$- 1.2117 \times 10^{5}$	$4.3773 \times 10^{6}$

Wavelength (nm)	Transmittance (0° zenith angle)	Transmittance (45° zenith angle)	Selected Parameters from MODTRAN Model	Date
867.7	0.670	0.567	Urban visibility of 10 km, ground temperature of 278 K	8 Nov. 2011
867.7	0.671	0.560	Urban visibility of 10 km, ground temperature of 270 K	6 Dec. 2013
867.7	0.833	0.758	Rural visibility of 23 km, ground temperature of 278 K	18 Apr. 2018
557.7	0.658	0.551	Rural visibility of 23 km, ground temperature of 273 K	18 Dec. 2011

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Applied Optics