Design of all-optical D flip-flop using photonic crystal waveguides for optical computing and networking

Dalai Gowri Sankar Rao; Venkatrao Palacharla; Sandip Swarnakar; Santosh Kumar; Santosh Kumar; Santosh Kumar

doi:10.1364/AO.400223

Applied Optics
Vol. 59,
Issue 23,
pp. 7139-7143
(2020)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.400223

Design of all-optical D flip-flop using photonic crystal waveguides for optical computing and networking

Dalai Gowri Sankar Rao, Venkatrao Palacharla, Sandip Swarnakar, and Santosh Kumar

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Dalai Gowri Sankar Rao, Venkatrao Palacharla, Sandip Swarnakar, and Santosh Kumar, "Design of all-optical D flip-flop using photonic crystal waveguides for optical computing and networking," Appl. Opt. 59, 7139-7143 (2020)

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Abstract

The performance of an ultra-compact all-optical D flip-flop using photonic crystal waveguides is numerically analyzed and examined by optimized parameters such as refractive index and silicon rod radius. In the field of optical networking and computing, flip-flops are used to reduce the complexity of digital circuits. The phenomenon of optical interference effect is used to implement a D flip-flop at a wavelength of 1550 nm. This structure is designed using T-shaped waveguides without using non-linear material. The proposed design is small, has low insertion losses of 0.087 dB when operated at low power level, and provides high contrast ratio of 25 dB and transmission ratio of more than 96%.

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D	Clock	$Q_{n}$	${\bar{Q}}_{n}$
0	0	$Q_{n}$	${\bar{Q}}_{n}$
1	0	$Q_{n}$	${\bar{Q}}_{n}$
0	1	0	1
1	1	1	0

SI. No.	Simulation Parameter	Value
1.	Simulation type	2D
2.	Mesh size	$0.05 µ m (X) / 0.05 µ m (Y)$
3.	Boundary conditions	Anisotropic perfectly matched layer (PML)
4.	Step size	1000
5.	Anisotropic PML layer number	10
6.	Theoretical reflection coefficient	1.0e-12
7.	Real anisotropic PML tensor parameter	10
8.	Power of grading polynomial	3.5

Input Logic			Input Phase			Path Traverse		Path Difference	Phase Difference	Type of Interference
D	Clock	R	D	Clock	R	Path Traverse		Path Difference	Phase Difference	Type of Interference
0	0	1	—	—	180°	At $J_{1}$	$R = 4 a$	—	—	—
1	0	1	0°	—	180°	At $J_{1}$	$D = 4 a$	0	180°	Destructive
1	0	1	0°	—	180°	At $J_{1}$	$R = 4 a$	0	180°	Destructive
0	1	1	—	0°	180°	At $J_{2}$	$C L K = 4 a$	5a	180°	Constructive
0	1	1	—	0°	180°	At $J_{2}$	$R = 9 a$	5a	180°	Constructive
1	1	1	180°	180°	180°	At $J_{1}$	$D = 4 a$	0	0°	Constructive
						At $J_{1}$	$R = 4 a$	0	0°	Constructive
						At $J_{2}$	$C L K = 4 a$	A	0°	Destructive
						At $J_{2}$	$J_{1}$ = 5a	A	0°	Destructive

			Normalized Output Power
Input Logic			Refractive Index (RI) Variations
			3.42		3.44		3.46		3.48		3.5
D	Clock	R	$Q_{n}$	${\bar{Q}}_{n}$	$Q_{n}$	${\bar{Q}}_{n}$	$Q_{n}$	${\bar{Q}}_{n}$	$Q_{n}$	${\bar{Q}}_{n}$	$Q_{n}$	${\bar{Q}}_{n}$
0	0	1	0.11	0.2	0.04	0.17	0.04	0.18	0.16	0.18	0.16	0.21
1	0	1	0.14	0.02	0.25	0.01	0.22	0.003	0.07	0.005	0.04	0.02
0	1	1	0.2	1.11	0.1	1.02	0.17	0.96	0.22	0.9	0.26	1.0
1	1	1	0.93	0.09	0.7	0.09	0.9	0.14	0.95	0.05	0.8	0.09

			Normalized Output Power
Input Logic			Silicon Rod Radius
			0.18		0.19		0.2
D	Clock	R	$Q_{n}$	${\bar{Q}}_{n}$	$Q_{n}$	${\bar{Q}}_{n}$	$Q_{n}$	${\bar{Q}}_{n}$
0	0	1	0.08	0.19	0.04	0.18	0.07	0.17
1	0	1	0.26	0.005	0.22	0.003	0.23	0.004
0	1	1	0.17	0.99	0.17	0.96	0.14	0.97
1	1	1	0.88	0.17	0.9	0.14	0.89	0.10

Material	Refractive Index	Dimensions	Insertion Loss	Contrast Ratio	Transmission Ratio	Ref.
Silicon	RI: 3.4	$10.2 \times 12.6 {µ m}^{2}$	—	6.91 dB	—	[32]
Silicon	RI: 3.46	$12.6 \times 16.8 {µ m}^{2}$	—	$Q_{n} = 9.63 d B$	—	[33]
Silicon	RI: 3.46	$12.6 \times 16.8 {µ m}^{2}$	—	${\bar{Q}}_{n} = 5.84 d B$	—	[33]
Silicon	RI: 3.46	$8.4 \times 5.4 {µ m}^{2}$	0.087 dB	$Q_{n} = 13.5 d B$	$> 96 %$	Proposed method
Silicon	RI: 3.46	$8.4 \times 5.4 {µ m}^{2}$	0.087 dB	${\bar{Q}}_{n} = 25 d B$	$> 96 %$	Proposed method

Abstract

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Applied Optics