Watt-level diode-pumped thulium lasers around 2.3 µm

Esrom Kifle; Pavel Loiko; Lauren Guillemot; Jean-Louis Doualan; Florent Starecki; Alain Braud; Thierry Georges; Julien Rouvillain; Patrice Camy

doi:10.1364/AO.400632

Applied Optics
Vol. 59,
Issue 25,
pp. 7530-7539
(2020)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.400632

Watt-level diode-pumped thulium lasers around 2.3 µm

Esrom Kifle, Pavel Loiko, Lauren Guillemot, Jean-Louis Doualan, Florent Starecki, Alain Braud, Thierry Georges, Julien Rouvillain, and Patrice Camy

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Esrom Kifle, Pavel Loiko, Lauren Guillemot, Jean-Louis Doualan, Florent Starecki, Alain Braud, Thierry Georges, Julien Rouvillain, and Patrice Camy, "Watt-level diode-pumped thulium lasers around 2.3 µm," Appl. Opt. 59, 7530-7539 (2020)

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Abstract

We report on efficient diode-pumped mid-infrared lasers based on ${\rm Tm}{:}{{\rm LiYF}_4}$, ${\rm Tm}{:}{{\rm Y}_3}{{\rm Al}_5}{{\rm O}_{12}}$, and ${\rm Tm}{:}{{\rm YAlO}_3}$ crystals. These lasers operate in the continuous-wave (CW) regime and deliver watt-level output power at the wavelengths of 2.2–2.3 µm (the ${^3{{\rm H}}_4} \to {^3{{\rm H}}_5}\;{{\rm Tm}^{3 +}}$ transition). In particular, a 1.8 at. % ${\rm Tm}{:}{{\rm YAlO}_3}$ laser pumped at 789 nm generates a maximum CW output power of 1.32 W at 2272–2277 nm with a slope efficiency of 33.1% (with respect to the absorbed pump power), a linear laser polarization ($E\parallel b$), and a fundamental transverse output mode (the measured ${\rm M}_x^2 = {1.26}$, ${\rm M}_y^2 = {1.68}$). In the quasi-CW regime, the output peak power is scaled up to 2.69 W. The pump quantum efficiency and the fractional heat loading are estimated and discussed.

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Crystal	$C_{Tm}$ , at. %	$N_{Tm}$ , $10^{20} {c m}^{- 3}$	$t$ , mm	$d$ , mm	Cut	AR ( $λ_{P}$ )	$λ_{P}$ , nm
Tm:YLF	3.5	4.83	8.1	$Φ 8.5$	$a$ cut	$+$	789
Tm:YAG	3.2	4.42	8.1	$3.0 \times 3.0$	[111]	−	787
Tm:YAP	1.8	3.51	8.05	$Φ 4.97$	$a$ cut	$+$	789

Parameter	Tm:YLF	Tm:YAG	Tm:YAP
$σ_{S E}$	$0.57 \times 10^{- 20} {c m}^{2}$	$0.35 \times 10^{- 20} {c m}^{2}$	$0.78 \times 10^{- 20} {c m}^{2}$
$λ_{em}$	2305 nm	2324 nm	2278 nm
$Δ λ_{em}$	26 nm	37 nm	12 nm
Polarization	$E ∥ c (π)$	unpolarized	$E ∥ b$
$τ_{0} (^{3} H_{4})$	2.3 ms	0.79 ms	0.70 ms
$τ_{lum} (^{3} H_{4})$ (Tm doping)	157 µs (3.5 at. %)	58 µs (3.2 at. %)	153 µs (1.8 at. %)
$B ({J J}^{'})$	3.9%	4.5%	4.2%
Ref.	[17]	[13]	[18,28]

Crystal	$T_{O C}$ , %	$P_{o u t}$ , W	$λ_{L}$ , nm	$η$ , %	$P_{t h}$ , W
Tm:YLF	0.1	0.68	2302–2309	9.4	0.55
	0.7	2.11	2303–2305	26.9	0.72
	1.3	1.80	2305–2307	26.7	0.85
	4.0	0.75	2306–2309	15.4	2.27
Tm:YAG	0.1	0.30	2156–2209, 2321–2327	2.8	0.48
	0.7	1.11	2183–2198, 2323–2325	9.1	1.67
	1.3	0.79	2159, 2187–2198, 2324	7.3	2.34
	4.0	no lasing
Tm:YAP	0.1	1.08	2132–2149, 2273–2276	9.5	1.38
	0.7	1.57	2130–2142, 2272–2276	17.3	2.97
	1.3	2.68	2272–2276	33.1	4.53
	4.0	0.82	2273–2275	12.2	5.83

Crystal	$λ_{P}$ , nm	$P_{t h}$ , W	$P_{o u t}$ , W	$η$ , %	$λ_{L}$ , µm	Ref.
Tm:YLF	785	1.2	1.15	$19^{A b s}$	2.31	[26]
	792	0.03	0.01	$10. 4^{I n c}$	2.30	[25]
	785	$\sim 2.1$	0.96	$\sim 7^{A b s}$	2.31	[43]
	790	1.95	1.33	$9. 7^{A b s}$	2.05, 2.30	[27]
	789	0.72	2.11	$26. 9^{A b s}$	2.30	^b
Yb,Tm:YLF	975	$\sim 0.5$	0.45	$18. 0^{I n c}$	2.30	[22]
Yb,Tm:YLF	685, 960	2.6	0.62	$7. 9^{A b s}$	2.30	[23]
Tm,Ho:YLF		0.004	0.005	$42^{A b s}$	2.08, 2.31	[24]
Tm:YAG	787	1.67	1.11	$9. 1^{A b s}$	2.19	^b
Tm:YAP	789	4.53	2.69	$33 . 1^{A b s}$	2.27	^b

Crystal	$C_{Tm}$ , at. %	$N_{Tm}$ , $10^{20} {c m}^{- 3}$	$t$ , mm	$d$ , mm	Cut	AR ( $λ_{P}$ )	$λ_{P}$ , nm
Tm:YLF	3.5	4.83	8.1	$Φ 8.5$	$a$ cut	$+$	789
Tm:YAG	3.2	4.42	8.1	$3.0 \times 3.0$	[111]	−	787
Tm:YAP	1.8	3.51	8.05	$Φ 4.97$	$a$ cut	$+$	789

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Applied Optics