Simulation for measurement of lightning channel temperature using a dual-band high-precision lightning imaging spectrometer

Jingyu Wang; Haiyang Gao; Haiyang Gao; Di Zhu; Shangzhang Huang; Hengtao Zhou; Leilei Kou; Leilei Kou

doi:10.1364/AO.418868

Applied Optics
Vol. 60,
Issue 11,
pp. 3192-3202
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.418868

Simulation for measurement of lightning channel temperature using a dual-band high-precision lightning imaging spectrometer

Jingyu Wang, Haiyang Gao, Di Zhu, Shangzhang Huang, Hengtao Zhou, and Leilei Kou

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Jingyu Wang, Haiyang Gao, Di Zhu, Shangzhang Huang, Hengtao Zhou, and Leilei Kou, "Simulation for measurement of lightning channel temperature using a dual-band high-precision lightning imaging spectrometer," Appl. Opt. 60, 3192-3202 (2021)

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Abstract

A dual-band high-precision lightning imaging spectrometer (DHLIS) is designed to capture the fine spectrum of transient lightning. DHLIS improves the theoretical spectral resolution limit to ${{1}}{{{0}}^{- 3}}\;{\rm{nm}}$ and broadens the spectral range to 30–40 nm by employing double echelle gratings in the arms of a spatial heterodyne spectrometer. Four strong and three fine spectral lines are selected to retrieve the temperature of the lightning channel using the Boltzmann plot method. The experimental results indicate that the inversion accuracy of the temperature obtained by inserting fine spectral lines is higher than that by implementation of four strong spectral lines.

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Data Availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Equations (26)

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Optics
Filter transmittance	$τ_{f}$	80% at 444–480 nm
Filter transmittance	$τ_{f}$	85% at 593–640 nm
Beam splitter transmittance	$τ_{s}$	60%
Density of the grating grooves	$1 / d$	600 lines/mm
Width of the grating	$W$	$50 m m \times 50 m m$
Diffraction grating efficiency	$τ_{g}$	60%
Inclination angles $θ_{1}$ and $θ_{2}$		$θ_{1} = {7.65}^{\circ}$ $θ_{2} = {10.25}^{\circ}$
Lens transmittance	$τ_{L}$	99.5%
Lens I focal length/ aperture	$f_{1} / A_{1}$	50/0.95
Lens II focal length/ aperture	$f_{2} / A_{2}$	85/1.2
CCD Camera
Array Size (pixels)	$M$ ( $x$ direction)	$1920 \times 1080$ (2.07 Megapixel)
Pixel Size	$A$	$29 \times 29 µ m$
Sensor Size	$L$ ( $x$ direction)	$5.5 m m \times 3.0 m m$
		( $16.5 {m m}^{2}$ )
		6.26 mm diagonal
Dark Current	$D C$	$0.110 e^{-} / p i x e l / s$
Read Noise	$R N$	$10.9 e^{-} (R M S)$
Quantum Efficiency	$Q E$	50%
Exposure Time	$T$	1/10,000 s
Analogue-to-digital conversion rate	$G$	30

Incident light	444.7	463.0	594. 165	616. 775
Simulation	444.67	463.06	594.24	616.72
Error	0.03	0.06	0.075	0.055

Incident	445.9937	446.5529	447.7682	615.075	616.775	617.331
light
Simulation	446.01	446.55	447.77	615.00	616.72	617.29
Error	0.017	0.002	0.002	0.07	0.05	0.04

Optics
Filter transmittance	$τ_{f}$	80% at 444–480 nm
Filter transmittance	$τ_{f}$	85% at 593–640 nm
Beam splitter transmittance	$τ_{s}$	60%
Density of the grating grooves	$1 / d$	600 lines/mm
Width of the grating	$W$	$50 m m \times 50 m m$
Diffraction grating efficiency	$τ_{g}$	60%
Inclination angles $θ_{1}$ and $θ_{2}$		$θ_{1} = {7.65}^{\circ}$ $θ_{2} = {10.25}^{\circ}$
Lens transmittance	$τ_{L}$	99.5%
Lens I focal length/ aperture	$f_{1} / A_{1}$	50/0.95
Lens II focal length/ aperture	$f_{2} / A_{2}$	85/1.2
CCD Camera
Array Size (pixels)	$M$ ( $x$ direction)	$1920 \times 1080$ (2.07 Megapixel)
Pixel Size	$A$	$29 \times 29 µ m$
Sensor Size	$L$ ( $x$ direction)	$5.5 m m \times 3.0 m m$
		( $16.5 {m m}^{2}$ )
		6.26 mm diagonal
Dark Current	$D C$	$0.110 e^{-} / p i x e l / s$
Read Noise	$R N$	$10.9 e^{-} (R M S)$
Quantum Efficiency	$Q E$	50%
Exposure Time	$T$	1/10,000 s
Analogue-to-digital conversion rate	$G$	30

Incident light	444.7	463.0	594. 165	616. 775
Simulation	444.67	463.06	594.24	616.72
Error	0.03	0.06	0.075	0.055

Abstract

Data Availability

Cited By

Figures (13)

Tables (3)

Equations (26)

Applied Optics