Sensitivity enhancement of the SPR biosensor for Pseudomonas bacterial detection employing a silicon-barium titanate structure

Yesudasu Vasimalla; Himansu Shekhar Pradhan; Rahul Jasvantbhai Pandya

doi:10.1364/AO.427499

Applied Optics
Vol. 60,
Issue 19,
pp. 5588-5598
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.427499

Sensitivity enhancement of the SPR biosensor for Pseudomonas bacterial detection employing a silicon-barium titanate structure

Yesudasu Vasimalla, Himansu Shekhar Pradhan, and Rahul Jasvantbhai Pandya

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Yesudasu Vasimalla, Himansu Shekhar Pradhan, and Rahul Jasvantbhai Pandya, "Sensitivity enhancement of the SPR biosensor for Pseudomonas bacterial detection employing a silicon-barium titanate structure," Appl. Opt. 60, 5588-5598 (2021)

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Abstract

A novel, to the best of our knowledge, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor, employing a silicon-barium titanate structure for Pseudomonas bacterial detection, is designed. Three bacterial attachments operate as a protective layer for the detection process with refractive indices (RI) of 1.437, 1.49368, and 1.5265. Performance analysis shows a sensitivity ($ S $) of 155, 168, and 370°/RIU at RI of 1.5265 for Structures 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Additionally, the proposed sensor (Structure 3) accomplishes a magnified figure of merit (FOM) of 86.43 and quality factor of 86.65 at the RI of 1.5265. Finally, the proposed sensor’s performance is compared with that of the existing sensors, thus demonstrating a heightened $ S $ and FOM.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Structure	Configuration
1. With ${B a T i O}_{3}$	BK7(1)-Ag(2)- ${B a T i O}_{3}$ -BP(5)-Affinity(6)-Sensing layer(6)
2. With Si	BK7(1)-Ag(2)-Si(3)-BP(5)-Affinity(6)-Sensing layer(7)
3. With Si- ${B a T i O}_{3}$ (proposed work)	BK7(1)-Ag(2)-Si(3)- ${B a T i O}_{3}$ (4)-BP(5)-Affinity(6)-Sensing layer(7)

Symbol	Definition/Full Form
Ag	Silver
${B a T i O}_{3}$	Barium titanate
BK7	Borosilicate glass
BP	Black phosphorus
EW	Evanescent wave
FOM	Figure of merit
FWHM	Full width half maxima
$H$	Characteristics matrix
nm	Nanometer
PC	Propagation constant
P-M	Prism-metal interface
QF	Quality factor
RI	Refractive index
$R_{p}$	Total reflected intensity
$R_{min}$	Minimum reflected intensity
$S$	Sensitivity
Si	Silicon
$θ_{k}$	Angle of input
$ε_{k}$	Permittivity of the $k$ th layer
$d_{k}$	Thickness of the $k$ th layer
$z_{k}$	Impedance wave of the $k$ th layer
$k_{s p w}$	Wave vector of surface plasmons
$k_{x}$	Incident wave vector
$β_{x}$	Arbitrary stage constant
$n_{k}$	Description of the transverse RI
$\nabla n$	Change in the RI
$\nabla θ_{r e s}$	Change in the SPR resonance angle
$λ$	Wavelength

Si thickness (nm)		1	2	3	4
$A g = 40 n m$	$θ_{r e s}$	73.94°	76.36°	79.62°	84.95°
$A g = 40 n m$	$R_{min}$	0.3478	0.3314	0.2856	0.1095
$A g = 45 n m$	$θ_{r e s}$	74.07°	76.62°	80.19°	86.71°
$A g = 45 n m$	$R_{min}$	0.1727	0.1554	0.105	0.0206
$A g = 50 n m$	$θ_{r e s}$	74.16°	76.8°	80.63°	87.19°
$A g = 50 n m$	$R_{min}$	0.04132	0.031	4.938E^–4	0.3989
$A g = 55 n m$	$θ_{r e s}$	74.2°	76.93°	80.63°	86.89°
$A g = 55 n m$	$R_{min}$	5.422E^–4	0.0031	0.0266	0.7107

Material Name	Refractive Index	Optimal Thickness	References
BK7	1.5151	—	[32]
Ag	0.056260 $+$ 4.2776i	50 nm	[33,34]
Si	3.960	3 nm	[35]
${B a T i O}_{3}$	2.4042	5 nm	[4,38]
BP	$3.5 + 0.01 i$	0.53 nm	[27]
Affinity	1.437/1.49368/1.5265	3 nm	[4,8]
Sensing	1.33–1.34	—	[4]

RI of Bacteria (Affinity)			1437	1.49368	1.5265
Structure 1	$R_{min}$	1.33	0.0486	0.0484	0.0480
	$R_{min}$	1.34	0.0449	0.0441	0.0435
	S (°/RIU)		150	154	155
	QF ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )		86.21	86.03	85.64
	FOM		82.02	81.89	81.53
Structure 2	$R_{min}$	1.33	0.0474	0.0466	0.0463
	$R_{min}$	1.34	0.0425	0.0414	0.0407
	S (°/RIU)		159	163	168
	QF ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )		77.56	77.99	79.25
	FOM		73.92	74.34	75.57
Structure 3	$R_{min}$	1.33	0.0068	0.0039	0.0025
	$R_{min}$	1.34	0.0066	0.0210	0.0359
	S (°/RIU)		326.1	353	370
	QF ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )		81.32	84.45	86.65
	FOM		80.77	84.12	86.43

RI of Bacteria (Affinity)		1.437	1.49368	1.5265
Resonance angle (°) at different sensing RIs	1.33	80.63	81.2	81.51
	1.331	80.94	81.47	81.82
	1.332	81.2	81.78	82.13
	1.333	81.51	82.09	82.44
	1.334	81.82	82.44	82.79
	1.335	82.13	82.79	83.14
	1.336	82.44	83.14	83.54
	1.337	82.79	83.49	83.89
	1.338	83.14	83.89	84.33
	1.339	83.49	84.29	84.73
	1.34	83.89	84.73	85.21

		Sensitivity ( $S$ ) (°/RIU) at Respected Change in RI ( $\nabla n$ )
	RI of Bacteria	0.001	0.002	0.003	0.004	0.005	0.006	0.007	0.008	0.009	0.01
Structure 1	1.437	130	155	146.67	142.5	150	146.67	151.43	148.75	152.22	150
	1.49368	130	155	146.67	155	150	146.67	151.43	153.75	152.22	154
	1.5265	140	155	146.67	145	150	146.67	151.43	155	152.22	155
Structure 2	1.437	130	155	146.67	155	158	155	157.14	155	156.67	159
	1.49368	180	155	163.33	165	158	161.67	164.29	160	162.22	163
	1.5265	180	180	163.33	165	160	161.67	164.29	166.25	166.67	168
Structure 3	1.437	310	285	293.3	297.5	300	301.7	313.2	313.75	317.75	326.1
	1.49368	270	290	296.66	310	318	323.33	327.14	336.25	343.3	353
	1.5265	310	310	310	320	326	338.33	340	352.5	357.77	370

Reference	Configuration	RI of Affinity Layer	Sensitivity ( $S$ ) (°/RIU)	Quality Factory (QF) ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	Figure of Merit (FOM)
Present work	BK7-Ag-Si- ${B a T i O}_{3}$ -BP- affinity-sensing layer	1.437	326.1	86.21	82.02
		1.49368	353	86.03	84.12
		1.5265	370	86.65	86.43
Existing work 1 [4]	BK7-Ag- ${B a T i O}_{3}$ -graphene-affinity-sensing layer	1.437	220	101.38	—
		1.49368	214.28	96.52	—
		1.5265	210	93.75	—
Existing work 2 [8]	BK7-ZnO-Au-graphene- affinity	1.437	187.43	29.33	—
		1.49368	186	28.66	—
		1.5265	184.6	28.17	—
Existing work 3 [9]	Chalcogenide prism-Au-graphene-affinity-sensing layer	1.437	38.4945	25.5144	—
		1.49368	38.74843	28.2838	—
		1.5265	38.88757	28.1793	—
Existing work 4 [10]	SF10-Au-graphene- affinity-sensing layer	1.437	33.98	2.7802	—

Abstract

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Applied Optics