Material survey for a millimeter-wave absorber using a 3D-printed
mold

T. Otsuka; S. Adachi; M. Hattori; Y. Sakurai; O. Tajima

doi:10.1364/AO.433254

Applied Optics
Vol. 60,
Issue 25,
pp. 7678-7685
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.433254

Material survey for a millimeter-wave absorber using a 3D-printed mold

T. Otsuka, S. Adachi, M. Hattori, Y. Sakurai, and O. Tajima

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T. Otsuka, S. Adachi, M. Hattori, Y. Sakurai, and O. Tajima, "Material survey for a millimeter-wave absorber using a 3D-printed mold," Appl. Opt. 60, 7678-7685 (2021)

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Abstract

Radio absorptive materials (RAMs) are key elements for receivers in the millimeter-wave range. We previously established a method for production of RAM by using a 3D-printed mold. An advantage of this method is a wide range of choices for absorptive materials to be used. To take advantage of this flexibility, we added a range of absorptive materials to a base epoxy resin, STYCAST-2850FT, and examined the optical performance of the resultant RAM across a wide frequency range under cryogenic conditions. We found that adding a particular type of carbon fiber produced the best performance with a reflectance at 77 K estimated as 0.01%–3% over a frequency range of 20–300 GHz.

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Types of Materials		Product Name	Particle Size	Photo Index in Fig. 4	Weight Fraction
Stainless steel [10]	Spherical shape	RD19-3532	10 µm	(a)	20%
	Flat shape	RFA6500	17 µm	–	7%
Graphite [11]	Spherical graphite	SG-BL40	38 µm	(b)	14%
	Flake graphite	Z-50	48 µm	–	4%
	Pyrolytic graphite	PC99-300M	38 µm	–	3.5%
	Expanded graphite	EC300	39 µm	–	1%
	Artificial graphite	AGB-604	44 µm	–	5%
Carbon black [12]	Conductive furnace	#3230B	23 nm	(c)	0.7%
	Long flow furnace	MA230	30 nm	–	0.7%
	Regular color furnace	#10	75 nm	–	2%
	Regular color furnace	#95	40 nm	–	1.2%
	Medium color furnace	MA600	20 nm	–	0.7%
	High color furnace	#2600	13 nm	–	0.5%
Carbon fiber	Nano fiber [13]	CNF	$L 1 \sim 20 µ m$ , $ϕ 200 \sim 800 n m$	(d)	0.7%
	Milled fiber [12]	K223HM	$L 50 \sim 200 µ m$ , $ϕ 11 µ m$	(e)	2%
	Chopped fiber [12]	K223HE	$L 6 m m$ , $ϕ 11 µ m$	(f)	0.15%
Carbon nanotube [14]		SG101	$L 100 \sim 600 l µ m$ , $ϕ 3 \sim 5 n m$	(g)	0.2%

Mixed Material (Product Name)	Weight Fraction	Optical Parameter	Room Temperature	77 K
		$n$	$2.27 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.27 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.01$
No mixture (STYCAST-2850FT)	–	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.13 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.82$	$0.88 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.80$
		$b$	$- 0.56 \pm 0.04 \pm 1.05$	$- 0.67 \pm 0.09 \pm 2.10$
		$n$	$2.57 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.55 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.03$
Stainless steel (RD19-3532)	20%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.26 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.58$	$1.21 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.59$
		$b$	$- 0.17 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.54$	$- 0.13 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.57$
		$n$	$2.75 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.72 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$
Stainless steel (RFA6500)	7%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.37 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.99$	$1.15 \pm 0.02 \pm 1.00$
		$b$	$- 0.35 \pm 0.03 \pm 1.25$	$- 0.41 \pm 0.06 \pm 2.06$
		$n$	$3.12 \pm 0.12 \pm 0.01$	$3.09 \pm 0.07 \pm 0.01$
Graphite (SG-BL40)	14%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$2.33 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.54$	$1.88 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.53$
		$b$	$- 0.12 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.21$	$- 0.06 \pm 0.07 \pm 0.29$
		$n$	$2.85 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.01$	$3.02 \pm 0.08 \pm 0.02$
Graphite (Z-50)	4%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$2.50 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.75$	$1.89 \pm 0.07 \pm 0.74$
		$b$	$0.20 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.37$	$0.69 \pm 0.09 \pm 0.66$
		$n$	$3.27 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.01$	$3.27 \pm 0.09 \pm 0.83$
Graphite (PC99-300M)	3.5%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$2.03 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.75$	$1.70 \pm 0.07 \pm 0.43$
		$b$	$0.25 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.52$	$0.63 \pm 0.10 \pm 0.36$
		$n$	$3.20 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.02$	$3.19 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.86$
Graphite (EC300)	1%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$2.14 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.73$	$1.88 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.40$
		$b$	$0.80 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.63$	$0.99 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.36$
		$n$	$2.99 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.01$	$3.06 \pm 0.12 \pm 0.01$
Graphite (AGB-604)	5%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$2.73 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.79$	$2.34 \pm 0.10 \pm 0.79$
		$b$	$0.25 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.35$	$0.47 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.50$
		$n$	$2.36 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.35 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$
Carbon black (#3230B)	0.7%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.05 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.68$	$0.93 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.72$
		$b$	$- 0.71 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.07$	$- 0.73 \pm 0.08 \pm 0.28$
		$n$	$2.29 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.28 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$
Carbon black (MA230)	0.7%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$0.69 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.50$	$0.55 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.51$
		$b$	$- 0.44 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.85$	$- 0.58 \pm 0.09 \pm 2.72$
		$n$	$2.29 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.26 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.01$
Carbon black (#10)	2%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.63 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.73$	$1.49 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.76$
		$b$	$- 0.70 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.15$	$- 0.76 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.24$
		$n$	$2.33 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.29 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$
Carbon black (#95)	1.2%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.02 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.74$	$0.91 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.80$
		$b$	$- 0.77 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.41$	$- 0.98 \pm 0.08 \pm 0.80$
		$n$	$2.27 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.23 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$
Carbon black (MA6003)	0.7%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.08 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.73$	$0.92 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.76$
		$b$	$- 0.48 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.73$	$- 0.65 \pm 0.08 \pm 1.33$
		$n$	$2.21 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.19 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$
Carbon black (#2600)	0.5%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$0.98 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.73$	$0.90 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.79$
		$b$	$- 0.59 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.87$	$- 0.96 \pm 0.10 \pm 0.94$
		$n$	$2.64 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.61 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.01$
Carbon nanofiber (CNF)	0.7%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.07 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.63$	$1.04 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.64$
		$b$	$- 0.05 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.83$	$0.24 \pm 0.07 \pm 1.09$
		$n$	$3.13 \pm 0.44 \pm 0.07$	$3.15 \pm 0.19 \pm 0.12$
Carbon fiber (K223HM)	2%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$4.95 \pm 0.42 \pm 1.07$	$4.22 \pm 0.16 \pm 1.04$
		$b$	$0.60 \pm 0.19 \pm 0.33$	$0.77 \pm 0.09 \pm 0.41$
		$n$	$2.97 \pm 0.02 \pm 1.05$	$2.92 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.01$
Carbon fiber (K223HE)	0.15%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$6.57 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.32$	$6.44 \pm 0.10 \pm 1.44$
		$b$	$- 2.11 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.22$	$- 2.16 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.39$
		$n$	$2.12 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.01$	$2.08 \pm 0.07 \pm 0.02$
Carbon nanotube (SG101)	0.2%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$2.92 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.83$	$2.14 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.83$
		$b$	$- 0.23 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.25$	$- 0.01 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.43$

Types of Materials		Product Name	Particle Size	Photo Index in Fig. 4	Weight Fraction
Stainless steel [10]	Spherical shape	RD19-3532	10 µm	(a)	20%
	Flat shape	RFA6500	17 µm	–	7%
Graphite [11]	Spherical graphite	SG-BL40	38 µm	(b)	14%
	Flake graphite	Z-50	48 µm	–	4%
	Pyrolytic graphite	PC99-300M	38 µm	–	3.5%
	Expanded graphite	EC300	39 µm	–	1%
	Artificial graphite	AGB-604	44 µm	–	5%
Carbon black [12]	Conductive furnace	#3230B	23 nm	(c)	0.7%
	Long flow furnace	MA230	30 nm	–	0.7%
	Regular color furnace	#10	75 nm	–	2%
	Regular color furnace	#95	40 nm	–	1.2%
	Medium color furnace	MA600	20 nm	–	0.7%
	High color furnace	#2600	13 nm	–	0.5%
Carbon fiber	Nano fiber [13]	CNF	$L 1 \sim 20 µ m$ , $ϕ 200 \sim 800 n m$	(d)	0.7%
	Milled fiber [12]	K223HM	$L 50 \sim 200 µ m$ , $ϕ 11 µ m$	(e)	2%
	Chopped fiber [12]	K223HE	$L 6 m m$ , $ϕ 11 µ m$	(f)	0.15%
Carbon nanotube [14]		SG101	$L 100 \sim 600 l µ m$ , $ϕ 3 \sim 5 n m$	(g)	0.2%

Mixed Material (Product Name)	Weight Fraction	Optical Parameter	Room Temperature	77 K
		$n$	$2.27 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.27 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.01$
No mixture (STYCAST-2850FT)	–	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.13 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.82$	$0.88 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.80$
		$b$	$- 0.56 \pm 0.04 \pm 1.05$	$- 0.67 \pm 0.09 \pm 2.10$
		$n$	$2.57 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.55 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.03$
Stainless steel (RD19-3532)	20%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.26 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.58$	$1.21 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.59$
		$b$	$- 0.17 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.54$	$- 0.13 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.57$
		$n$	$2.75 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.72 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$
Stainless steel (RFA6500)	7%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.37 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.99$	$1.15 \pm 0.02 \pm 1.00$
		$b$	$- 0.35 \pm 0.03 \pm 1.25$	$- 0.41 \pm 0.06 \pm 2.06$
		$n$	$3.12 \pm 0.12 \pm 0.01$	$3.09 \pm 0.07 \pm 0.01$
Graphite (SG-BL40)	14%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$2.33 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.54$	$1.88 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.53$
		$b$	$- 0.12 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.21$	$- 0.06 \pm 0.07 \pm 0.29$
		$n$	$2.85 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.01$	$3.02 \pm 0.08 \pm 0.02$
Graphite (Z-50)	4%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$2.50 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.75$	$1.89 \pm 0.07 \pm 0.74$
		$b$	$0.20 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.37$	$0.69 \pm 0.09 \pm 0.66$
		$n$	$3.27 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.01$	$3.27 \pm 0.09 \pm 0.83$
Graphite (PC99-300M)	3.5%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$2.03 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.75$	$1.70 \pm 0.07 \pm 0.43$
		$b$	$0.25 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.52$	$0.63 \pm 0.10 \pm 0.36$
		$n$	$3.20 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.02$	$3.19 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.86$
Graphite (EC300)	1%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$2.14 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.73$	$1.88 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.40$
		$b$	$0.80 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.63$	$0.99 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.36$
		$n$	$2.99 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.01$	$3.06 \pm 0.12 \pm 0.01$
Graphite (AGB-604)	5%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$2.73 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.79$	$2.34 \pm 0.10 \pm 0.79$
		$b$	$0.25 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.35$	$0.47 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.50$
		$n$	$2.36 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.35 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$
Carbon black (#3230B)	0.7%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.05 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.68$	$0.93 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.72$
		$b$	$- 0.71 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.07$	$- 0.73 \pm 0.08 \pm 0.28$
		$n$	$2.29 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.28 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$
Carbon black (MA230)	0.7%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$0.69 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.50$	$0.55 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.51$
		$b$	$- 0.44 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.85$	$- 0.58 \pm 0.09 \pm 2.72$
		$n$	$2.29 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.26 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.01$
Carbon black (#10)	2%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.63 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.73$	$1.49 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.76$
		$b$	$- 0.70 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.15$	$- 0.76 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.24$
		$n$	$2.33 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.29 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$
Carbon black (#95)	1.2%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.02 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.74$	$0.91 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.80$
		$b$	$- 0.77 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.41$	$- 0.98 \pm 0.08 \pm 0.80$
		$n$	$2.27 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.23 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$
Carbon black (MA6003)	0.7%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.08 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.73$	$0.92 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.76$
		$b$	$- 0.48 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.73$	$- 0.65 \pm 0.08 \pm 1.33$
		$n$	$2.21 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.19 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$
Carbon black (#2600)	0.5%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$0.98 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.73$	$0.90 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.79$
		$b$	$- 0.59 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.87$	$- 0.96 \pm 0.10 \pm 0.94$
		$n$	$2.64 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.01$	$2.61 \pm 0.02 \pm 0.01$
Carbon nanofiber (CNF)	0.7%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$1.07 \pm 0.01 \pm 0.63$	$1.04 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.64$
		$b$	$- 0.05 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.83$	$0.24 \pm 0.07 \pm 1.09$
		$n$	$3.13 \pm 0.44 \pm 0.07$	$3.15 \pm 0.19 \pm 0.12$
Carbon fiber (K223HM)	2%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$4.95 \pm 0.42 \pm 1.07$	$4.22 \pm 0.16 \pm 1.04$
		$b$	$0.60 \pm 0.19 \pm 0.33$	$0.77 \pm 0.09 \pm 0.41$
		$n$	$2.97 \pm 0.02 \pm 1.05$	$2.92 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.01$
Carbon fiber (K223HE)	0.15%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$6.57 \pm 0.11 \pm 0.32$	$6.44 \pm 0.10 \pm 1.44$
		$b$	$- 2.11 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.22$	$- 2.16 \pm 0.04 \pm 0.39$
		$n$	$2.12 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.01$	$2.08 \pm 0.07 \pm 0.02$
Carbon nanotube (SG101)	0.2%	$κ [\times 10^{- 1}]$	$2.92 \pm 0.05 \pm 0.83$	$2.14 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.83$
		$b$	$- 0.23 \pm 0.03 \pm 0.25$	$- 0.01 \pm 0.06 \pm 0.43$

Abstract

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Applied Optics