Improving particle detection and size estimation accuracy in digital in-line holography using autoregressive interpolation

Anik Ghosh; Rishikesh Kulkarni

doi:10.1364/AO.434391

Applied Optics
Vol. 60,
Issue 28,
pp. 8728-8736
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.434391

Improving particle detection and size estimation accuracy in digital in-line holography using autoregressive interpolation

Anik Ghosh and Rishikesh Kulkarni

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Anik Ghosh and Rishikesh Kulkarni, "Improving particle detection and size estimation accuracy in digital in-line holography using autoregressive interpolation," Appl. Opt. 60, 8728-8736 (2021)

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Abstract

The accuracy of particle detection and size estimation is limited by the physical size of the digital sensor used to record the hologram in a digital in-line holographic imaging system. In this paper, we propose to utilize the autoregressive (AR) interpolation of the hologram to increase pixel density and, effectively, the quality of hologram reconstruction. Simulation studies are conducted to evaluate the influence of AR interpolation of a hologram on the accuracy of detection and size estimation of single and multiple particles of varying sizes. A comparative study on the performance of different interpolation techniques indicates the advantage of the proposed AR hologram interpolation approach. An experimental result is provided to validate the suitability of the proposed algorithm in practical applications.

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Data Availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Equations (12)

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Number of Particles
		200			100			50			25			10
Diameter		n	$d_{m}$	$σ$	n	$d_{m}$	$σ$	n	$d_{m}$	$σ$	n	$d_{m}$	$σ$	n	$d_{m}$	$σ$
( $µ m$ )	Method	$(%)$	$(µ m)$	$(µ m)$	$(%)$	$(µ m)$	$(µ m)$	$(%)$	$(µ m)$	$(µ m)$	$(%)$	$(µ m)$	$(µ m)$	$(%)$	$(µ m)$	$(µ m)$
40	NI	51.31	47.7	11.48	60.58	45.96	8.95	72.96	47.57	5.69	70.88	46.35	3.25	75.8	47.81	4.25
	AR	95.35	42.17	2.19	99.6	42.13	1.91	99.92	41.97	1.58	99.76	42.87	1.26	99.6	42.74	1.13
	BC	94.02	44.2	2.56	97.8	44.18	2.05	99.12	44.27	1.71	99.28	44.4	1.56	99.6	43.63	1.29
	BL	95.25	43.87	2.38	98	43.85	1.93	99.2	43.76	1.7	99.44	43.58	1.47	99.6	43.37	1.27
	NN	93.17	44.2	2.77	97.1	44.19	2.28	98.88	44.07	1.84	99.36	44.41	1.66	99.6	44.31	1.5
	LZ	94	44.21	2.65	97.3	44.11	1.98	99.16	44.24	1.8	99.36	43.35	1.4	99.6	43.66	1.24
20	NI	46.66	28.34	13.19	31.4	27.21	7.04	58	27.4	5.82	49.36	25.54	3.42	39	27.1	3.95
	AR	93.43	21.52	1.81	95.9	21.04	1.09	97.76	21.33	1.03	98.4	20.32	0.73	98.6	20.59	0.69
	BC	90.21	22.34	2.26	82.62	22.1	1.63	93.12	22.11	1.62	94.88	22.21	1.07	96	22.34	0.88
	BL	89.26	25.44	2.54	82.76	25.32	1.93	94.28	25.39	2.29	94.64	20.54	0.85	94.8	25.31	0.75
	NN	86.32	22.21	2.18	67.6	21.86	1.61	88.28	21.74	1.56	87.28	21.69	1.04	82.6	21.55	0.81
	LZ	78.86	25.19	2.53	73.62	24.9	2.11	84.88	24.86	1.22	82.56	20.92	0.85	79.8	24.95	0.57
10	NI	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
	AR	94.52	10.2	2.33	94.22	10.17	1.7	94.32	10.23	1.69	89.84	10.02	1.05	96.2	10.08	1.11
	BC	79.75	10.75	2.66	73.46	10.64	2.26	68.72	10.77	1.88	72.32	10.95	1.82	81	10.61	1.23
	BL	85.72	10.99	2.89	79.12	10.96	2.55	70.52	10.96	2.33	71.28	10.94	2.08	76.6	10.54	1.56
	NN	71.04	10.56	2.63	60.3	10.41	2.07	52.64	10.37	1.79	36.72	10.27	1.59	64.2	9.92	1.34
	LZ	78.95	10.73	2.66	73.02	10.62	2.19	67.64	10.7	1.89	52.32	10.75	1.64	64.6	10.66	1.44

Diameter	$n$ ( $%$ )						$d_{m}$ ( $µ m$ )						$σ$ ( $µ m$ )
$(µ m)$	NI	AR	BC	BL	NN	LZ	NI	AR	BC	BL	NN	LZ	NI	AR	BC	BL	NN	LZ
80	63.5	85.3	75.3	82.0	73.9	75.4	86.32	82.16	83.61	83.87	83.71	83.56	5.91	2.62	2.97	2.86	2.57	3.06
40	80.87	98.53	97.47	98.07	96.73	98.03	45.23	42.29	43.31	42.98	43.23	43.36	3.36	1.80	2.17	2.18	2.11	2.08
20	39.04	96.48	94.66	93.08	87.96	86.52	25.06	21.12	21.23	22.08	21.32	21.36	5.80	1.84	2.09	2.35	2.03	2.09

Autofocusing
Methods	NI	AR	BC	BL	NN	LZ
Number of particles	48	86	80	73	58	78
$d_{m} (µ m)$	46.1	40.01	39.25	40.34	40.64	40.64
$σ (µ m)$	9.5	2.32	1.88	4.68	2.22	2.41

Number of Particles
		200			100			50			25			10
Diameter		n	$d_{m}$	$σ$	n	$d_{m}$	$σ$	n	$d_{m}$	$σ$	n	$d_{m}$	$σ$	n	$d_{m}$	$σ$
( $µ m$ )	Method	$(%)$	$(µ m)$	$(µ m)$	$(%)$	$(µ m)$	$(µ m)$	$(%)$	$(µ m)$	$(µ m)$	$(%)$	$(µ m)$	$(µ m)$	$(%)$	$(µ m)$	$(µ m)$
40	NI	51.31	47.7	11.48	60.58	45.96	8.95	72.96	47.57	5.69	70.88	46.35	3.25	75.8	47.81	4.25
	AR	95.35	42.17	2.19	99.6	42.13	1.91	99.92	41.97	1.58	99.76	42.87	1.26	99.6	42.74	1.13
	BC	94.02	44.2	2.56	97.8	44.18	2.05	99.12	44.27	1.71	99.28	44.4	1.56	99.6	43.63	1.29
	BL	95.25	43.87	2.38	98	43.85	1.93	99.2	43.76	1.7	99.44	43.58	1.47	99.6	43.37	1.27
	NN	93.17	44.2	2.77	97.1	44.19	2.28	98.88	44.07	1.84	99.36	44.41	1.66	99.6	44.31	1.5
	LZ	94	44.21	2.65	97.3	44.11	1.98	99.16	44.24	1.8	99.36	43.35	1.4	99.6	43.66	1.24
20	NI	46.66	28.34	13.19	31.4	27.21	7.04	58	27.4	5.82	49.36	25.54	3.42	39	27.1	3.95
	AR	93.43	21.52	1.81	95.9	21.04	1.09	97.76	21.33	1.03	98.4	20.32	0.73	98.6	20.59	0.69
	BC	90.21	22.34	2.26	82.62	22.1	1.63	93.12	22.11	1.62	94.88	22.21	1.07	96	22.34	0.88
	BL	89.26	25.44	2.54	82.76	25.32	1.93	94.28	25.39	2.29	94.64	20.54	0.85	94.8	25.31	0.75
	NN	86.32	22.21	2.18	67.6	21.86	1.61	88.28	21.74	1.56	87.28	21.69	1.04	82.6	21.55	0.81
	LZ	78.86	25.19	2.53	73.62	24.9	2.11	84.88	24.86	1.22	82.56	20.92	0.85	79.8	24.95	0.57
10	NI	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X	X
	AR	94.52	10.2	2.33	94.22	10.17	1.7	94.32	10.23	1.69	89.84	10.02	1.05	96.2	10.08	1.11
	BC	79.75	10.75	2.66	73.46	10.64	2.26	68.72	10.77	1.88	72.32	10.95	1.82	81	10.61	1.23
	BL	85.72	10.99	2.89	79.12	10.96	2.55	70.52	10.96	2.33	71.28	10.94	2.08	76.6	10.54	1.56
	NN	71.04	10.56	2.63	60.3	10.41	2.07	52.64	10.37	1.79	36.72	10.27	1.59	64.2	9.92	1.34
	LZ	78.95	10.73	2.66	73.02	10.62	2.19	67.64	10.7	1.89	52.32	10.75	1.64	64.6	10.66	1.44

Diameter	$n$ ( $%$ )						$d_{m}$ ( $µ m$ )						$σ$ ( $µ m$ )
$(µ m)$	NI	AR	BC	BL	NN	LZ	NI	AR	BC	BL	NN	LZ	NI	AR	BC	BL	NN	LZ
80	63.5	85.3	75.3	82.0	73.9	75.4	86.32	82.16	83.61	83.87	83.71	83.56	5.91	2.62	2.97	2.86	2.57	3.06
40	80.87	98.53	97.47	98.07	96.73	98.03	45.23	42.29	43.31	42.98	43.23	43.36	3.36	1.80	2.17	2.18	2.11	2.08
20	39.04	96.48	94.66	93.08	87.96	86.52	25.06	21.12	21.23	22.08	21.32	21.36	5.80	1.84	2.09	2.35	2.03	2.09

Abstract

Data Availability

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Figures (7)

Tables (3)

Equations (12)

Applied Optics