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3D Fourier ghost imaging via semi-calibrated photometric stereo

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Abstract

We achieved three-dimensional (3D) computational ghost imaging with multiple photoresistors serving as single-pixel detectors using the semi-calibrated lighting approach. We performed imaging in the spatial frequency domain by having each photoresistor obtain the Fourier spectrum of the scene at a low spectral coverage ratio of 5%. To retrieve a depth map of a scene, we inverted, apodized, and applied semi-calibrated photometric stereo (SCPS) to the spectra. At least 93.5% accuracy was achieved for the 3D results of the apodized set of images applied with SCPS in comparison with the ground truth. Furthermore, intensity error map statistics obtained at least 97.0% accuracy for the estimated surface normals using our method. Our system does not need special calibration objects or any additional optical components to perform accurate 3D imaging, making it easily adaptable. Our method can be applied in current imaging systems where multiple detectors operating at any wavelength are used for two-dimensional (2D) imaging, such as imaging cosmological objects. Employing the idea of changing light patterns to illuminate a target scene and having stored information about these patterns, the data retrieved by one detector will give the 2D information while the multiple-detector system can be used to get a 3D profile.

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Supplementary Material (2)

NameDescription
Visualization 1       Apodization effect on a noisy image. A 2-D Gaussian filter (left) with varying size dictated by its standard deviation, sigma (s), is multiplied to the Fourier spectrum (middle) of the noisy image. As s decreases, the hard edge of the circular spectr
Visualization 2       3D reconstructions of a conical object obtained using two photometric stereo algorithms (direct: D and semi-calibrated: SC) with and without apodization (A) filters. The apodized semi-calibrated (SC + A) case has the most accurate 3D reconstruction f

Data Availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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