Underwater hyperspectral imaging system with dual-scanning mode

Haoxuan Bai; Qingsheng Xue; Xijie Hao; Hui Li; Liyu Huang; Chang Li; Jingyao Yang

doi:10.1364/AO.456363

Applied Optics
Vol. 61,
Issue 15,
pp. 4226-4237
(2022)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.456363

Underwater hyperspectral imaging system with dual-scanning mode

Haoxuan Bai, Qingsheng Xue, Xijie Hao, Hui Li, Liyu Huang, Chang Li, and Jingyao Yang

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Haoxuan Bai, Qingsheng Xue, Xijie Hao, Hui Li, Liyu Huang, Chang Li, and Jingyao Yang, "Underwater hyperspectral imaging system with dual-scanning mode," Appl. Opt. 61, 4226-4237 (2022)

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Abstract

As a kind of underwater detecting technology, hyperspectral imaging technology has been well applied in many areas. But the systems usually have a large volume, and it is hard to mount them on different platforms because the external scanning mechanisms are needed for scanning imaging. To overcome these disadvantages, an underwater hyperspectral imaging system that achieves scanning imaging through moving the objective lens is designed. The design of the optical system and internal scanning and focusing structure were completed. According to the design result, the system is assembled and tested. The imaging quality of the whole system is good, and the obtained spectrum of different targets can be distinguished. The system has a good underwater detection capability, which can provide a new feasible technical scheme for underwater detection.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Development Agency	Platform Type	Detection Depth/m	Scanning Range	Volume/Weight
NTNU & Ecotone AS	Tripod [4]	5	260°	Small
NTNU	Stationary platform with scanning structure (HyBIS RUV) [5]	3530–3660	$2.3 m \times 1 m$	Relatively Large
NTNU	ROV (KIEL6000) [8]	4200	Dependent on the motion range of the platform.	$3.5 m \times 2.4 m \times 1.9 m / 3500 k g$ (Air)
NTNU	Unmanned surface vehicle (OTTER USV) [13]	1	Dependent on the motion range of the platform.	$200 c m \times 108 c m \times 81.5 c m / 55 k g$ (Air)
NTNU	AUV (Kongsberg Maritime Hugin 3000) [6]	2350	Dependent on the motion range of the platform.	$5.5 m \times 1.0 m (D i a m e t e r) / 1400 k g$ (Air)
Max Planck Institute for marine microbiology	Stationary platform with scanning structure [10]	$\leq 75$	$1 m \times 1 m$	Relatively large
Max Planck Institute for marine microbiology	Diver operation [11]	$\leq 50$	Dependent on the motion range of the system.	–/ $32 k g$ (Air)
Institute of Marine Sciences (Italy)	Super Mohawk II 34 Observation Class [12]	$\leq 2000$	Dependent on the motion range of the platform.	$0.85 m \times 1.4 m \times 0.9 m / 290 k g$ (Air)

Development Agency	Ecotone AS & NTNU [4–9]	Max Planck Institute of Marine Microbiology (Germany) [10,11]
Hyperspectral imager type	UHI-1/UHI-2 (Ecotone AS & NTNU)	Pika II (Resonon, USA)
Imaging Method	Push-broom	Push-broom
Spectral Range/nm	380–800	400–900
Spectral Resolution/nm	0.5–4 at binning 1-8	2.1
Spatial Resolution/Pixels	1600–200 at binning 1-8	640
Light Source	Halogen Lamps, LED, or HID	Halogen Lamps, LED, or HID
Power/W	4.8/60 (Based on the type of detector)	$< 2.5$

Parameters	Values
Power of single light source $ϕ$ (W)	100
Focal length of objective $f$ (mm)	25
Divergence angle of light source $2 ω$ (°)	40
Object distance $l_{1}$ (m)	1
Angle between imaging system and light source $θ_{1}$ (°)	20
Detector size $D_{d}$ (mm)	$11.264 \times 11.264$
Quantum efficiency $q_{e}$	0.5
Integration time $t_{i n t}$ (ms)	30
Transmittance of the optical system $t_{o}$	0.2
Transmittance of the water $t_{w}$ [14,15]	0.2
Reflectivity of the target ref	0.5
Spectral channel number $n_{c h}$	1024

Parameters	Value
Pixel size/µm	5.5
Detector array size/pixel	$2048 \times 2048$
Digitalizing/bit	12
Frame rate/fps	28.6
Slit size/mm	$11 \times 0.02$
Spectral range/nm	400–1000
Spectral resolution/nm	$\leq 3$
f#	2.5
Other	Telecentric on both image and object sides

Parameters	Value
Focal length/mm	25
Wavelength range/nm	400–1000
Field of view/°	35.2
f#	2.5
Others	Image-side telecentric, distortion less than 1%

Number	Wavelength/nm	$δ λ / n m$
1	404.66	2.762
2	435.84	2.4524
3	546.08	2.5552
4	576.96	1.663
5	579.07	1.435
6	696.54	1.977
7	706.72	2.021
8	750.39	2.821
9	794.82	2.002
10	826.45	1.991
11	912.3	2.03

Abstract

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Figures (18)

Tables (6)

Equations (13)

Applied Optics