Design method of a wide-angle AR display with a single-layer two-dimensional pupil expansion geometrical waveguide

Dewen Cheng; Qiwei Wang; Li Wei; Ximeng Wang; Lijun Zhou; Qichao Hou; Jiaxi Duan; Tong Yang; Yongtian Wang

doi:10.1364/AO.459644

Applied Optics
Vol. 61,
Issue 19,
pp. 5813-5822
(2022)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.459644

Design method of a wide-angle AR display with a single-layer two-dimensional pupil expansion geometrical waveguide

Dewen Cheng, Qiwei Wang, Li Wei, Ximeng Wang, Lijun Zhou, Qichao Hou, Jiaxi Duan, Tong Yang, and Yongtian Wang

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Dewen Cheng, Qiwei Wang, Li Wei, Ximeng Wang, Lijun Zhou, Qichao Hou, Jiaxi Duan, Tong Yang, and Yongtian Wang, "Design method of a wide-angle AR display with a single-layer two-dimensional pupil expansion geometrical waveguide," Appl. Opt. 61, 5813-5822 (2022)

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Abstract

Waveguide near-eye displays (NEDs) consist of a planar waveguide combiner and a coupling-in projection system. A two-dimensional geometrical waveguide (TDGW) can achieve an ultra-thin, large exit pupil diameter (XPD), wide-angle NED. The design method of a single-layer TDGW is presented and discussed in detail in this paper. A high-precision processing technology that can effectively guarantee the parallelism accuracy is also presented. A miniature coupling-in projection optics is designed with a catadioptric structure and integrated with the waveguide accordingly. Finally, a TDGW with a thickness of 1.75 mm is designed and analyzed. The results show that the stray light over the normal light is less than 0.5%, and the illuminance uniformity is well optimized. The field of view is up to 55°, and the XPD exceeds ${12}\;{\rm mm} \times {10}\;{\rm mm}$ at an eye relief (ERF) of 18 mm. A proof-of-concept prototype was fabricated and demonstrated.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Optical Solutions	Surface Relief Grating Waveguide	Holographic Waveguide	ODGW	TDGW
FOV (°)	$\sim 52$	$\sim 50$	$\sim 40$	$\sim 55$
EPD	Large	Large	Large only in one direction	Large
Color uniformity and gamut	Low	Low	High	High
Light efficiency and uniformity	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low
Light leakage and stray light	High	Moderate	Low	Low
Thickness (mm)	Medium	Thin	Thin	Thin
Imaging quality	Moderate	Moderate	High	High
Layer	2–3	1	1	1

	Parameters	Value
Micro-display (LCoS)	Pixel size (µm)	4.5
	Active size (mm)	$6.5 \times 4.9$
	Active resolution	$1440 \times 1080$
Specification	FOV (°)	$55 (45.2 H \times 34.6 V)$
	XPD (mm)	4
	EFL (mm)	7.81
	Wavelength (nm)	486.1–656.3
	$F / #$	1.95
Performances	Distortion (%)	$< 1$
Performances	MTF	$> 0.4$ at 15 lp/degree

	Parameters	Value
HPES	$θ_{H}$ (°)	40
	$N_{H}$	15
	$S_{H}$ (mm)	2–3.8
	$H_{H P E S}$ (mm)	21
VPES	$θ_{V}$ (°)	26
	$N_{V}$	6
	$S_{V}$ (mm)	3.58
	$H_{V P E S}$ (mm)	21.5
TDGW	$d$ (mm)	1.75
	$N$	1.65
	FOV(°)	55
	XPD (mm)	$12 \times 10$
	ERF (mm)	18

	Reflectivity(%)
HPES	$R_{1}$	$R_{2}$	$R_{3}$	$R_{4}$	$R_{5}$	$R_{6}$	$R_{7}$	$R_{8}$
	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8	6.2	6.5	7.1
	$R_{9}$	$R_{10}$	$R_{11}$	$R_{12}$	$R_{13}$	$R_{14}$	$R_{15}$
	7.8	8.8	11.1	15.3	21.6	32.2	71.3
VPES	$R_{1}$	$R_{2}$		$R_{3}$	$R_{4}$	$R_{5}$		$R_{6}$
	7.0	7.6		8.2	9.1	12.5		21.6

Optical Solutions	Surface Relief Grating Waveguide	Holographic Waveguide	ODGW	TDGW
FOV (°)	$\sim 52$	$\sim 50$	$\sim 40$	$\sim 55$
EPD	Large	Large	Large only in one direction	Large
Color uniformity and gamut	Low	Low	High	High
Light efficiency and uniformity	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Low
Light leakage and stray light	High	Moderate	Low	Low
Thickness (mm)	Medium	Thin	Thin	Thin
Imaging quality	Moderate	Moderate	High	High
Layer	2–3	1	1	1

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Applied Optics