Laser ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation of sub-millimeter-level crack growth in the rail foot weld

Guanpin Ren; Zhongrui Sun; Xinyi Dai; Shuang Liu; Xiaoqin Zhang; Xiaofeng Chen; Min Yan; Shuang Liu

doi:10.1364/AO.463264

Applied Optics
Vol. 61,
Issue 22,
pp. 6414-6419
(2022)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.463264

Laser ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation of sub-millimeter-level crack growth in the rail foot weld

Guanpin Ren, Zhongrui Sun, Xinyi Dai, Shuang Liu, Xiaoqin Zhang, Xiaofeng Chen, Min Yan, and Shuang Liu

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Guanpin Ren, Zhongrui Sun, Xinyi Dai, Shuang Liu, Xiaoqin Zhang, Xiaofeng Chen, Min Yan, and Shuang Liu, "Laser ultrasonic nondestructive evaluation of sub-millimeter-level crack growth in the rail foot weld," Appl. Opt. 61, 6414-6419 (2022)

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Abstract

Laser-generated ultrasonic wave characteristics in the rail foot weld were simulated and reported for qualitative analysis and evaluation of sub-millimeter-level crack growth. Numerical analyses using the finite element method (FEM), the propagation characteristics, and displacement field distribution of a laser-generated ultrasonic wave after the interaction with cracks were fully demonstrated. By calculating displacement amplitude distribution, the optimal sensing position and area were the laser incident point and the upper surface, respectively. Crack growth degree toward the rail bottom and axial direction can be confirmed by analyzing time and amplitude of the echoes originating from the rail bottom and crack surface reflection. By combining time with peak intensity of the echo reflection from the rail bottom, the sub-millimeter-level crack growth process inside the rail foot weld is capable of acquiring and evaluating. The results justify that the laser ultrasonic technique, characterized by laser excitation and laser detection, is a competitive nondestructive testing technique for sub-millimeter-level crack growth evaluation and detection inside the rail foot weld.

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Laser	Parameter	Value
Gaussian spot	Radius (mm)	2
	Pulse width (ns)	10
	Energy ( $m J / {c m}^{2}$ )	25

Material Parameter	Value
Specific Heat ( $J / k g \cdot K$ )	475
Thermal Conductivity ( $W / m \cdot K$ )	44.5
CTE (1/K)	$12.3 \times 1 0^{- 6}$
Density ( $k g / m^{3}$ )	7850
Young’s modulus (GPa)	200
Poisson’s ratio	0.30

Defect Parameters	Value
Large size	$1.0 m m \times 0.5 m m$
	$2.0 m m \times 2.0 m m$
	$10 m m \times 0.5 m m$
Small size	$0.1 m m \times 0.1 m m$
	$0.3 m m \times 0.3 m m$
	$0.5 m m \times 0.5 m m$

Crack Side Length (mm)	Displacement Peak Amplitude ( $\times 10^{- 6}$ mm)	Crack Side Length (mm)	Displacement Peak Amplitude ( $\times 10^{- 6}$ mm)
$0.05 \times 0.05$	4.59953	$1.25 \times 1.25$	4.05852
$0.10 \times 0.10$	4.56157	$1.50 \times 1.50$	3.94813
$0.20 \times 0.20$	4.50265	$1.75 \times 1.75$	3.83957
$0.30 \times 0.30$	4.45320	$2.00 \times 2.00$	3.78214
$0.40 \times 0.40$	4.39821	$2.25 \times 2.25$	3.72695
$0.50 \times 0.50$	4.34931	$2.50 \times 2.50$	3.67699
$0.75 \times 0.75$	4.24374	$2.75 \times 2.75$	3.60091
$1.00 \times 1.00$	4.14028	$3.00 \times 3.00$	3.52037

Laser	Parameter	Value
Gaussian spot	Radius (mm)	2
	Pulse width (ns)	10
	Energy ( $m J / {c m}^{2}$ )	25

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Applied Optics