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Abstract
Despite the availability of effective hepatitis B vaccinations, the hepatitis B virus remains a serious global health concern. It is expected that early detection could aid in initiating therapy before the infection progresses to liver damage. A silicon nanowire rectangular optical waveguide has been demonstrated theoretically to detect the surface antigen of hepatitis B “HBsAg” based on label-free surface sensing using finite-element method-based COMSOL Multiphysics. Different procedural segments of the biomarker detection have been mimicked on the surface of a waveguide as adlayers to investigate the device theoretically. Initially, the parameters of the waveguide have been optimized to provide a large interaction of light and bio-analyte, i.e., to provide high sensitivity. The analyses are first performed at the waveguide level based on the light-analyte interaction. Furthermore, performances of the sensor have been obtained by incorporating this waveguide structure in the sensing arm of the Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The device structure shows ultra-high surface sensitivities such as phase surface sensitivity of ${7.03} \times {2}\pi \;{\rm rad/nm}$ and MZI surface sensitivity of 3421.89 µW/nm with an excellent detection limit of ${2.92} \times {{10}^{- 3}}\;{\rm pg}/{{\rm mm}^2}$ for HBsAg detection. The proposed device can measure the HBsAg concentration as low as 0.00973 ng/mL, which is significantly low to detect the infection in an early stage.
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