Atmospheric optical turbulence mitigation using iterative image registration and least squares lucky look fusion

Michael A. Rucci; Michael A. Rucci; Russell C. Hardie; Richard K. Martin; Szymon Gladysz

doi:10.1364/AO.467958

Applied Optics
Vol. 61,
Issue 28,
pp. 8233-8247
(2022)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.467958

Atmospheric optical turbulence mitigation using iterative image registration and least squares lucky look fusion

Michael A. Rucci, Russell C. Hardie, Richard K. Martin, and Szymon Gladysz

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Michael A. Rucci, Russell C. Hardie, Richard K. Martin, and Szymon Gladysz, "Atmospheric optical turbulence mitigation using iterative image registration and least squares lucky look fusion," Appl. Opt. 61, 8233-8247 (2022)

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Table of Contents Category
- Imaging Systems, Image Processing, and Displays
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: June 20, 2022
- Revised Manuscript: August 26, 2022
- Manuscript Accepted: August 29, 2022
- Published: September 22, 2022

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Abstract

This paper presents an atmospheric optical turbulence mitigation method that uses a sequence of short-exposure frames. An iterative block matching registration method is proposed for image dewarping. The dewarped frames are combined in a least squares lucky look (LL) fusion process. Here image patches are weighted so as to produce a fused image that is consistent with a theoretical LL optical transfer function (OTF) model. Finally, a Wiener filter is applied to provide deconvolution of the LL OTF. We also explore the LL selectivity tradespace. As the selectivity increases, the LL OTF becomes more favorable but the signal-to-noise ratio suffers, and vice versa. A restoration algorithm is applied to simulated data for quantitative analysis and two different real-world datasets for subjective evaluation. The proposed approach provides improved results compared with the benchmark methods.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Parameter	Value
Aperture	$D = 0.2034 m$
Focal length	$l = 1.2 m$
$F$ -number	$f / # = 5.9$
Wavelength	$λ = 0.525 µ m$
Object distance	$L = 7 k m$
Nyquist pixel spacing (focal plane)	$δ_{f} = 1.5488 µ m$
Nyquist pixel spacing (object plane)	$δ_{o} = 9.0344 µ m$

Parameter	Value
Path length	$L = 7 k m$
Propagation step	$Δ z = 700 m$
Cropped screen samples	$N = 400$
Aperture gain	$α_{g} = 5$
Turbulence sensitivity factor	$c = 1$
Number of phase screens	$N = 10$ (9 nonzero)
Phase screen type	Modified von Kármán with subharmonics
Inner scale	$l_{0} = 0.01 m$
Outer scale	$L_{0} = 300 m$
Image size (object plane)	$4.464 m \times 4.464 m$
Image size (pixels)	$496 \times 496 p i x e l s$
Pixel skip	4 pixels ( $125 \times 125$ PSF arrays)
Input image dynamic range	256 digital units
Gaussian noise	$σ_{η} = 4$ digital units

	$D / r_{0} = 2$		$D / r_{0} = 3$		$D / r_{0} = 4$
	$Γ$	PSNR (dB)	$Γ$	PSNR (dB)	$Γ$	PSNR (dB)
Isoplanatic case $(α = 1)$
Average	–	23.7384	–	22.2878	–	21.1628
LS fusion	–	23.7712	–	22.7149	–	22.1186
Strehl fusion	–	23.7713	–	22.6348	–	22.0096
Average $+$ Wiener	0.0011	34.7619	0.0012	33.2158	0.0009	30.4952
LS fusion $+$ Wiener	0.0011	$34 .7777$	0.0013	33.4995	0.0018	31.0121
Strehl fusion $+$ Wiener	0.0011	34.7644	0.0011	$33 .5301$	0.0018	$31 .1808$
Anisoplanatic case ( $α = 0.9703$ , $B = 21$ )
Global $+$ BMA $+$ average	–	23.4742	–	22.0000	–	20.8332
Global $+$ BMA $+$ LS fusion	–	23.5101	–	22.3886	–	21.6382
Global $+$ BMA $+$ Strehl Fusion	–	23.5079	–	22.3647	–	21.5895
Global $+$ BMA $+$ average $+$ Wiener	0.0013	32.1880	0.0013	30.7157	0.0009	27.8623
Global $+$ BMA $+$ LS fusion $+$ Wiener	0.0013	$32 .2053$	0.0015	$30 .9640$	0.0018	$28 .5052$
Global $+$ BMA $+$ Strehl fusion $+$ Wiener	0.0013	32.1996	0.0015	30.9202	0.0024	28.2143
Anisoplanatic case ( $α = 0.9863$ , $σ_{B} = 20, 6$ )
Global $+$ IBMA $+$ average	–	23.5590	–	22.0599	–	20.9512
Global $+$ IBMA $+$ LS fusion	–	23.5929	–	22.4572	–	21.7350
Global $+$ IBMA $+$ Strehl fusion	–	23.5917	–	22.4147	–	21.6924
Global $+$ IBMA $+$ Average $+$ Wiener	0.0016	32.1777	0.0016	30.9879	0.0014	28.0496
Global $+$ IBMA $+$ LS fusion $+$ Wiener	0.0016	$32 .1976$	0.0018	$31 .2625$	0.0023	$28 .7877$
Global $+$ IBMA $+$ Strehl fusion $+$ Wiener	0.0016	32.1961	0.0017	31.2465	0.0028	28.7490

Parameter	Value
Aperture	$D = 0.2034 m$
Focal length	$l = 1.2 m$
$F$ -number	$f / # = 5.9$
Wavelength	$λ = 0.525 µ m$
Object distance	$L = 7 k m$
Nyquist pixel spacing (focal plane)	$δ_{f} = 1.5488 µ m$
Nyquist pixel spacing (object plane)	$δ_{o} = 9.0344 µ m$

Parameter	Value
Path length	$L = 7 k m$
Propagation step	$Δ z = 700 m$
Cropped screen samples	$N = 400$
Aperture gain	$α_{g} = 5$
Turbulence sensitivity factor	$c = 1$
Number of phase screens	$N = 10$ (9 nonzero)
Phase screen type	Modified von Kármán with subharmonics
Inner scale	$l_{0} = 0.01 m$
Outer scale	$L_{0} = 300 m$
Image size (object plane)	$4.464 m \times 4.464 m$
Image size (pixels)	$496 \times 496 p i x e l s$
Pixel skip	4 pixels ( $125 \times 125$ PSF arrays)
Input image dynamic range	256 digital units
Gaussian noise	$σ_{η} = 4$ digital units

Abstract

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Equations (30)

Applied Optics