F. L. B. Martins, J. P. T. Rodrigues, and J. C. Nascimento, "All-optical digital multiplexer/demultiplexer in a linear three-core fiber device," Appl. Opt. 61, 8515-8521 (2022)
Digital multiplexers/demultiplexers (MUX/DEMUXes) are essential for computing, data transmission, and data processing. However, research on all-optical digital MUX/DEMUXes is scarce and generally proposes single-function nonlinear devices. This work presents the numerical acquisition of all-optical digital MUX/DEMUXes using a linear three-core fiber device. Our device, called the interchanging-cores planar three-core fiber coupler, is propagated by low-powered amplitude modulated pulses, can operate with pulses of any wavelength, and can be made using any fiber technology. This result is further evidence of the possibility of obtaining logical processing, even nonlinear logical processing, using fiber-only design.
Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.
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These employ either on–off keying (OOK) or frequency-shift keying (FSK) in modulation/demodulation. Most present only simulation results. Some are almost entirely theoretical. Save two exceptions, all proposed devices are nonlinear. Only two propose MUX and DEMUX functions using the same device. None propose conventional optical fiber-based devices or amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulated devices. Acronyms: SOA, semiconductor optical amplifier; ADM, add/drop multiplexer; RSOA, reflected semiconductor optical amplifier; MQW, multi-quantum well.
Table 2.
Truth Table and Contrast Values of the Output Pulses for the Best MUXa
Control
Input
Output
(dB)
0
0
0
−9,2195
0
0
1
−2.5470
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
−3.9214
1
0
1
1
1
0
−0.7843
1
1
1
Signal ${\rm B}$ is the controller, and signals ${\rm A}$ and ${\rm C}$ are the inputs. For ${\rm B} = 0$, ${Y_1} = {\rm A}$, and for ${\rm B} = 1$, ${Y_1} = {\rm C}$. The lowest contrasts are well above the 0.3 dB threshold.
Table 3.
Truth Table and Contrast Values of the Output Pulses for the Best DEMUXa
Control
Input
Output
(dB)
0
0
x
−2.4258
0
1
x
1
0
x
−1.3602
1
1
x
Signal ${\rm A}$ is the controller and signal ${\rm B}$ is the input. For ${\rm A} = 0$, ${Y_2} ={\rm B}$, and for ${\rm A} = 1$, ${Y_3} = {\rm B}$. Signal ${\rm C}$ is omitted. The ${C_R}$ values shown are the worst case for any logic value of ${\rm C}$. The $x$ represents classic “don’t care” states in outputs that are not used.
Table 4.
Truth Table and Contrast Values of the Output Pulses for the Best DEMUXa
Control
Input
Output
(dB)
0
0
0
x
x
x
–
0
0
1
x
x
x
–
0
1
0
x
x
−5.5103
0
1
1
x
x
1
0
0
x
x
−1.0448
1
0
1
x
x
1
1
0
x
x
−9.3340
1
1
1
x
x
Signals ${\rm B}$ and ${\rm C}$ are the controllers, and Signal ${\rm A}$ is the input. For $({\rm B},{\rm PC}) = (0,1)$, ${Y_1} = {\rm A}$, for $({\rm B},{\rm C}) = (1,0)$, ${Y_2} = {\rm A}$, and for $({\rm B},{\rm C}) = (1,1)$, ${Y_3} = {\rm A}$. The lowest contrasts are well above the 0.3 dB threshold.
Table 5.
PTC Coupler Lengths for ICPTC Couplers Made of Conventional Silica Fiber (CSF), Air-Hole Filled Photonic Crystal Fiber (APCF), and Chloroform-Hole Filled Photonic Crystal Fiber (CPCF)a
We disregard ${z_2}$ since it can vary depending on the designer’s convenience. CP is the minimum cleaving precision necessary to obtain at least 99% of the $|{C_R}|$ values calculated. $\lambda = 1.55\; {\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}}$.
Tables (5)
Table 1.
List of Papers Addressing All-Optical Digital MUX/DEMUXes to Datea
These employ either on–off keying (OOK) or frequency-shift keying (FSK) in modulation/demodulation. Most present only simulation results. Some are almost entirely theoretical. Save two exceptions, all proposed devices are nonlinear. Only two propose MUX and DEMUX functions using the same device. None propose conventional optical fiber-based devices or amplitude-shift keying (ASK) modulated devices. Acronyms: SOA, semiconductor optical amplifier; ADM, add/drop multiplexer; RSOA, reflected semiconductor optical amplifier; MQW, multi-quantum well.
Table 2.
Truth Table and Contrast Values of the Output Pulses for the Best MUXa
Control
Input
Output
(dB)
0
0
0
−9,2195
0
0
1
−2.5470
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
−3.9214
1
0
1
1
1
0
−0.7843
1
1
1
Signal ${\rm B}$ is the controller, and signals ${\rm A}$ and ${\rm C}$ are the inputs. For ${\rm B} = 0$, ${Y_1} = {\rm A}$, and for ${\rm B} = 1$, ${Y_1} = {\rm C}$. The lowest contrasts are well above the 0.3 dB threshold.
Table 3.
Truth Table and Contrast Values of the Output Pulses for the Best DEMUXa
Control
Input
Output
(dB)
0
0
x
−2.4258
0
1
x
1
0
x
−1.3602
1
1
x
Signal ${\rm A}$ is the controller and signal ${\rm B}$ is the input. For ${\rm A} = 0$, ${Y_2} ={\rm B}$, and for ${\rm A} = 1$, ${Y_3} = {\rm B}$. Signal ${\rm C}$ is omitted. The ${C_R}$ values shown are the worst case for any logic value of ${\rm C}$. The $x$ represents classic “don’t care” states in outputs that are not used.
Table 4.
Truth Table and Contrast Values of the Output Pulses for the Best DEMUXa
Control
Input
Output
(dB)
0
0
0
x
x
x
–
0
0
1
x
x
x
–
0
1
0
x
x
−5.5103
0
1
1
x
x
1
0
0
x
x
−1.0448
1
0
1
x
x
1
1
0
x
x
−9.3340
1
1
1
x
x
Signals ${\rm B}$ and ${\rm C}$ are the controllers, and Signal ${\rm A}$ is the input. For $({\rm B},{\rm PC}) = (0,1)$, ${Y_1} = {\rm A}$, for $({\rm B},{\rm C}) = (1,0)$, ${Y_2} = {\rm A}$, and for $({\rm B},{\rm C}) = (1,1)$, ${Y_3} = {\rm A}$. The lowest contrasts are well above the 0.3 dB threshold.
Table 5.
PTC Coupler Lengths for ICPTC Couplers Made of Conventional Silica Fiber (CSF), Air-Hole Filled Photonic Crystal Fiber (APCF), and Chloroform-Hole Filled Photonic Crystal Fiber (CPCF)a
We disregard ${z_2}$ since it can vary depending on the designer’s convenience. CP is the minimum cleaving precision necessary to obtain at least 99% of the $|{C_R}|$ values calculated. $\lambda = 1.55\; {\unicode{x00B5}{\rm m}}$.
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