Performance improvement in a supercontinuum fiber-coupled system for near infrared absorption spectroscopy

Silje Skeide Fuglerud; Silje Skeide Fuglerud; Jong Wook Noh; Astrid Aksnes; Dag Roar Hjelme

doi:10.1364/AO.449908

Applied Optics
Vol. 61,
Issue 9,
pp. 2371-2381
(2022)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.449908

Performance improvement in a supercontinuum fiber-coupled system for near infrared absorption spectroscopy

Silje Skeide Fuglerud, Jong Wook Noh, Astrid Aksnes, and Dag Roar Hjelme

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Silje Skeide Fuglerud, Jong Wook Noh, Astrid Aksnes, and Dag Roar Hjelme, "Performance improvement in a supercontinuum fiber-coupled system for near infrared absorption spectroscopy," Appl. Opt. 61, 2371-2381 (2022)

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Abstract

Accurate, in-field-compatible, sensing based on near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) requires development of instrumentation with low noise and long-term stability. Here, we present a fully fiber-optic spectroscopy setup using a supercontinuum source in the long-pulse regime (2 ns) and a balanced detector scheme to demonstrate high-accuracy NIRS-based sensing. The noise sources of the system are studied theoretically and experimentally. The relative intensity noise was reduced from typical values up to 6% to less than 0.1% by deploying a balanced detector and averaging. At well-balanced wavelengths, the system without transmission cells achieved a signal to noise ratio (SNR) above 70 dB, approaching the shot noise limit. With transmission cells and long-term measurements, the overall SNR was 55 dB. Glucose in physiological concentrations was measured as a model system, yielding a root mean square error of 4.8 mM, approaching the needed accuracy for physiological glucose monitoring.

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Supplementary Material (1)

Name	Description
Supplement 1	Supplement 1

Data availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are available in Ref. [50].

50. S. S. Fuglerud, “Performance improvement in a supercontinuum fiber-coupled system for near infrared absorption spectroscopy,” DataverseNO: Version V1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.18710/IZ63JH.

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Component	Purpose	Measurement Type	# Pulses, (# Scans)	Results
3. Optical fiber splitters	Critical component, select the most stable	RMS	$200 a v g \times 3$	Fig. 4
1. System w/o balance w/o transmission cell	Quantify laser RIN	Std	1000	Fig. 5
5. System w/balanced detector w/o transmission cell	Quantify stability improvement, optimize averaging, quantify CV w/avg, long-term stability	Std	1000	Fig. 5
		Std	700000	Fig. 6
		Std	$200 a v g \times 11$	Fig. 6
		Allan variance	$200 a v g \times 70, 209, 211$	Fig. 9
1.,4.,5. System w/balance and transmission cells w/water	Quantify variance full system, including averaging, estimate noise contributions	Std	1000	Fig. 7
		Std	$200 a v g \times 11$	Fig. 7
		Var versus mean	1000	Fig. 8

Component	Purpose	Measurement Type	# Pulses, (# Scans)	Results
3. Optical fiber splitters	Critical component, select the most stable	RMS	$200 a v g \times 3$	Fig. 4
1. System w/o balance w/o transmission cell	Quantify laser RIN	Std	1000	Fig. 5
5. System w/balanced detector w/o transmission cell	Quantify stability improvement, optimize averaging, quantify CV w/avg, long-term stability	Std	1000	Fig. 5
		Std	700000	Fig. 6
		Std	$200 a v g \times 11$	Fig. 6
		Allan variance	$200 a v g \times 70, 209, 211$	Fig. 9
1.,4.,5. System w/balance and transmission cells w/water	Quantify variance full system, including averaging, estimate noise contributions	Std	1000	Fig. 7
		Std	$200 a v g \times 11$	Fig. 7
		Var versus mean	1000	Fig. 8

Abstract

Supplementary Material (1)

Data availability

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Tables (2)

Equations (9)

Applied Optics