Effect of the local energy distribution of x-ray beams generated through inverse Compton scattering in dual-energy imaging applications

G. Paternò; P. Cardarelli; S. Fantoni; F. Masoumi; G. Mettivier; G. Mettivier; S. Cialdi; S. Cialdi; A. Taibi; A. Taibi

doi:10.1364/AO.489239

Applied Optics
Vol. 62,
Issue 17,
pp. 4399-4408
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.489239

Effect of the local energy distribution of x-ray beams generated through inverse Compton scattering in dual-energy imaging applications

G. Paternò, P. Cardarelli, S. Fantoni, F. Masoumi, G. Mettivier, S. Cialdi, and A. Taibi

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G. Paternò, P. Cardarelli, S. Fantoni, F. Masoumi, G. Mettivier, S. Cialdi, and A. Taibi, "Effect of the local energy distribution of x-ray beams generated through inverse Compton scattering in dual-energy imaging applications," Appl. Opt. 62, 4399-4408 (2023)

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Abstract

X-ray sources based on the inverse Compton interaction between a laser and a relativistic electron beam are emerging as a promising compact alternative to synchrotron for the production of intense monochromatic and tunable radiation. The emission characteristics enable several innovative imaging techniques, including dual-energy K-edge subtraction (KES) imaging. The performance of these techniques is optimal in the case of perfectly monochromatic x-ray beams, and the implementation of KES was proven to be very effective with synchrotron radiation. Nonetheless, the features of inverse Compton scattering (ICS) sources make them good candidates for a more compact implementation of KES techniques. The energy and intensity distribution of the emitted radiation is related to the emission direction, which means different beam qualities in different spatial positions. In fact, as the polar angle increases, the average energy decreases, while the local energy bandwidth increases and the emission intensity decreases. The scope of this work is to describe the impact of the local energy distribution variations on KES imaging performance. By means of analytical simulations, the reconstructed signal, signal-to-noise ratio, and background contamination were evaluated as a function of the position of each detector pixel. The results show that KES imaging is possible with ICS x-ray beams, even if the image quality slightly degrades at the detector borders for a fixed collimation angle and, in general, as the beam divergence increases. Finally, an approach for the optimization of specific imaging tasks is proposed by considering the characteristics of a given source.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Parameter (units)	Symbol	Value
Electron Beam
Energy (MeV)	$E_{e}$	44.0
Energy spread (%)	$σ_{E_{e}} / E_{e}$	0.2
Norm. emittance ( $m m \cdot m r a d$ )	$ε_{n, x}$ , $ε_{n, y}$	1.5, 1.5
Spot (rms) size ( $µ m$ )	$σ_{e, x}$ , $σ_{e, y}$	15.0, 15.0
Spot (rms) size ( $µ m$ )	$α_{x}$ , $α_{y}$	0.0, 0.0
Twiss parameters	$β_{x}$ , $β_{y}$	0.013, 0.013
Twiss parameters	$γ_{x}$ , $γ_{y}$	76.9, 76.9
Bunch charge (pC)	$Q$	200
Bunch length ( $µ m$ )	$σ_{e, s}$	450
Laser Beam
Wavelength ( $µ m$ )	$λ$	1.03
Pulse energy (J)	$U$	0.0075
Pulse (rms) duration (ps)	$σ_{L, t}$	2.0
Spot (rms) size ( $µ m$ )	$σ_{L, x}$ , $σ_{L, y}$	20, 40
Laser strength parameter	$a_{0}$	0.0076
Collision conditions
Collision angle (deg)	$α_{L E}$ , $α_{H E}$	34.5, 7.0
Collision rate (Hz)	$r$	$1 \times 10^{8}$
X-ray beam intensity (ph/s)
LE beam, whole spectrum	$I_{L E}$	$1.0 \times 10^{13}$
HE beam, whole spectrum	$I_{H E}$	$3.4 \times 10^{13}$
LE beam, $θ_{m a x} = 7.0 m r a d$	$I_{L E, 7.0}$	$3.0 \times 10^{12}$
HE beam, $θ_{m a x} = 7.0 m r a d$	$I_{H E, 7.0}$	$10.4 \times 10^{12}$
LE beam, $θ_{m a x} = 3.5 m r a d$	$I_{L E, 3.5}$	$1.1 \times 10^{12}$
HE beam, $θ_{m a x} = 3.5 m r a d$	$I_{H E, 3.5}$	$3.7 \times 10^{12}$

	HE Beam	LE Beam
$θ_{max} = 7.0 m r a d$
Source-to-phantom $d i s t a n c e = 8.1 m$
Maximum impinging fluence ( $p h {m m}^{- 2}$ )	$2.0 \times 10^{7}$	$4.6 \times 10^{6}$
Maximum impinging fluence ( $p h {p x}^{- 1}$ )	$1.8 \times 10^{6}$	$4.1 \times 10^{5}$
$θ_{max} = 3.5 m r a d$
Source-to-phantom $d i s t a n c e = 16.2 m$
Maximum impinging fluence ( $p h {m m}^{- 2}$ )	$8.0 \times 10^{6}$	$1.8 \times 10^{6}$
Maximum impinging fluence ( $p h {p x}^{- 1}$ )	$7.2 \times 10^{5}$	$1.6 \times 10^{5}$

Detail $#$	$θ$ (mrad)	$m$ ( ${m g / c m}^{2}$ )	$m_{B G}$ ( ${m g / c m}^{2}$ )	$σ_{B G}$ ( ${m g / c m}^{2}$ )	$S$ ( ${m g / c m}^{2}$ )	SNR
$θ_{max} = 7.0 mrad$
1	0.0	1.84	−0.29	0.0100	2.13	213
2	1.0	1.62	−0.38	0.0104	2.00	191
3	2.0	1.05	−0.60	0.0117	1.65	141
4	3.0	0.21	−0.95	0.0136	1.16	86
5	4.0	−0.86	−1.48	0.0165	0.62	37
6	5.0	−1.97	−2.15	0.0196	0.18	9
$θ_{max} = 3.5 mrad$
1	0.0	1.83	−0.26	0.0156	2.09	140
2	0.5	1.78	−0.28	0.0158	2.06	130
3	1.0	1.63	−0.36	0.0164	1.99	121
4	1.5	1.39	−0.45	0.0168	1.84	110
5	2.0	1.07	−0.59	0.0176	1.66	95
6	2.5	0.66	−0.74	0.0184	1.40	76

Parameter (units)	Symbol	Value
Electron Beam
Energy (MeV)	$E_{e}$	44.0
Energy spread (%)	$σ_{E_{e}} / E_{e}$	0.2
Norm. emittance ( $m m \cdot m r a d$ )	$ε_{n, x}$ , $ε_{n, y}$	1.5, 1.5
Spot (rms) size ( $µ m$ )	$σ_{e, x}$ , $σ_{e, y}$	15.0, 15.0
Spot (rms) size ( $µ m$ )	$α_{x}$ , $α_{y}$	0.0, 0.0
Twiss parameters	$β_{x}$ , $β_{y}$	0.013, 0.013
Twiss parameters	$γ_{x}$ , $γ_{y}$	76.9, 76.9
Bunch charge (pC)	$Q$	200
Bunch length ( $µ m$ )	$σ_{e, s}$	450
Laser Beam
Wavelength ( $µ m$ )	$λ$	1.03
Pulse energy (J)	$U$	0.0075
Pulse (rms) duration (ps)	$σ_{L, t}$	2.0
Spot (rms) size ( $µ m$ )	$σ_{L, x}$ , $σ_{L, y}$	20, 40
Laser strength parameter	$a_{0}$	0.0076
Collision conditions
Collision angle (deg)	$α_{L E}$ , $α_{H E}$	34.5, 7.0
Collision rate (Hz)	$r$	$1 \times 10^{8}$
X-ray beam intensity (ph/s)
LE beam, whole spectrum	$I_{L E}$	$1.0 \times 10^{13}$
HE beam, whole spectrum	$I_{H E}$	$3.4 \times 10^{13}$
LE beam, $θ_{m a x} = 7.0 m r a d$	$I_{L E, 7.0}$	$3.0 \times 10^{12}$
HE beam, $θ_{m a x} = 7.0 m r a d$	$I_{H E, 7.0}$	$10.4 \times 10^{12}$
LE beam, $θ_{m a x} = 3.5 m r a d$	$I_{L E, 3.5}$	$1.1 \times 10^{12}$
HE beam, $θ_{m a x} = 3.5 m r a d$	$I_{H E, 3.5}$	$3.7 \times 10^{12}$

	HE Beam	LE Beam
$θ_{max} = 7.0 m r a d$
Source-to-phantom $d i s t a n c e = 8.1 m$
Maximum impinging fluence ( $p h {m m}^{- 2}$ )	$2.0 \times 10^{7}$	$4.6 \times 10^{6}$
Maximum impinging fluence ( $p h {p x}^{- 1}$ )	$1.8 \times 10^{6}$	$4.1 \times 10^{5}$
$θ_{max} = 3.5 m r a d$
Source-to-phantom $d i s t a n c e = 16.2 m$
Maximum impinging fluence ( $p h {m m}^{- 2}$ )	$8.0 \times 10^{6}$	$1.8 \times 10^{6}$
Maximum impinging fluence ( $p h {p x}^{- 1}$ )	$7.2 \times 10^{5}$	$1.6 \times 10^{5}$

Abstract

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Applied Optics