Fabrication of a multifaceted mapping mirror using two-photon polymerization for a snapshot image mapping spectrometer

Jiawei Lu; Xue Wen Ng; David Piston; Tomasz S. Tkaczyk; Tomasz S. Tkaczyk

doi:10.1364/AO.495466

Applied Optics
Vol. 62,
Issue 20,
pp. 5416-5426
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.495466

Fabrication of a multifaceted mapping mirror using two-photon polymerization for a snapshot image mapping spectrometer

Jiawei Lu, Xue Wen Ng, David Piston, and Tomasz S. Tkaczyk

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Jiawei Lu, Xue Wen Ng, David Piston, and Tomasz S. Tkaczyk, "Fabrication of a multifaceted mapping mirror using two-photon polymerization for a snapshot image mapping spectrometer," Appl. Opt. 62, 5416-5426 (2023)

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Abstract

A design and fabrication technique for making high-precision and large-format multifaceted mapping mirrors is presented. The method is based on two-photon polymerization, which allows more flexibility in the mapping mirror design. The mirror fabricated in this paper consists of 36 2D tilted square pixels, instead of the continuous facet design used in diamond cutting. The paper presents a detailed discussion of the fabrication parameters and optimization process, with particular emphasis on the optimization of stitching defects by compensating for the overall tilt angle and reducing the printing field of view. The fabricated mirrors were coated with a thin layer of aluminum (93 nm) using sputter coating to enhance the reflection rate over the target wave range. The mapping mirror was characterized using a white light interferometer and a scanning electron microscope, which demonstrates its optical quality surface (with a surface roughness of 12 nm) and high-precision tilt angles (with an average of 2.03% deviation). Finally, the incorporation of one of the 3D printed mapping mirrors into an image mapping spectrometer prototype allowed for the acquisition of high-quality images of the USAF resolution target and bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells stained with three fluorescent dyes, demonstrating the potential of this technology for practical applications.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Objective	$25 \times$ MF
Resin	IP-S
Slicing distance	1 µm
Hatching distance	0.2 µm
Scanning speed	20,000 µm/s
Additional base in design	3 µm
Field size $x / y$	390 µm (5 pixel size)
Base slice count	3
Base slice distance	1 µm
Base hatching distance	0.2 µm
Base laser power	45 mW
Base scanning speed	20,000 µm/s
Shear angle	15°
Interpolate	On

	$α_{1}$	$α_{2}$	$α_{3}$	$α_{4}$	$α_{5}$	$α_{6}$
$β_{1}$	8.123	14.102	25.494	11.491	9.618	7.431
$β_{2}$	9.541	16.709	21.117	7.222	5.560	10.623
$β_{3}$	15.833	20.685	7.512	4.879	9.298	15.607
$β_{4}$	23.753	8.360	5.717	8.530	12.858	28.116
$β_{5}$	10.107	6.473	8.077	9.969	17.094	12.647
$β_{6}$	6.869	10.948	16.699	22.766	8.291	5.954

	Two-Photon Polymerization	Diamond Machining
Fabrication time	78 h (can be further reduced by using smaller pixels)	2–3 weeks
Uniformity	0.5%	Up to 15%
Spatial density	2–3 µm	70–80 µm
Precision of angles	2.03% on average	7.3% on average
Calibration difficulty	5 images without any scanning stages	20–2000 images with high-precision scanning stages
Design flexibility	Both tilt angle and pixel width adjustment	Only tilt angle adjustment in a limited range

$α$ designed value	$- {2.744}^{\circ}$	$- {1.650}^{\circ}$	$- {0.550}^{\circ}$	${0.550}^{\circ}$	${1.650}^{\circ}$	${2.744}^{\circ}$
$α$ measured value	$- {2.811}^{\circ}$	$- {1.678}^{\circ}$	$- {0.582}^{\circ}$	${0.558}^{\circ}$	${1.655}^{\circ}$	${2.784}^{\circ}$
Deviation	$- {0.0640}^{\circ}$	$- {0.028}^{\circ}$	$- {0.0320}^{\circ}$	${0.008}^{\circ}$	${0.005}^{\circ}$	${0.04}^{\circ}$
Percentage deviation	−2.33%	−1.70%	−5.82%	1.45%	0.3%	1.46%
$β$ designed value	$- {2.744}^{\circ}$	$- {1.650}^{\circ}$	$- {0.550}^{\circ}$	${0.550}^{\circ}$	${1.650}^{\circ}$	${2.744}^{\circ}$
$β$ measured value	$- {2.808}^{\circ}$	$- {1.682}^{\circ}$	$- {0.579}^{\circ}$	${0.546}^{\circ}$	${1.652}^{\circ}$	${2.768}^{\circ}$
Deviation	$- {0.0670}^{\circ}$	$- {0.0320}^{\circ}$	$- {0.0290}^{\circ}$	$- {0.004}^{\circ}$	${0.002}^{\circ}$	${0.024}^{\circ}$
Percentage deviation	−2.44%	−1.94%	−5.27%	−0.73%	0.12%	0.87%

Objective	$25 \times$ MF
Resin	IP-S
Slicing distance	1 µm
Hatching distance	0.2 µm
Scanning speed	20,000 µm/s
Additional base in design	3 µm
Field size $x / y$	390 µm (5 pixel size)
Base slice count	3
Base slice distance	1 µm
Base hatching distance	0.2 µm
Base laser power	45 mW
Base scanning speed	20,000 µm/s
Shear angle	15°
Interpolate	On

Abstract

Data availability

Cited By

Figures (8)

Tables (4)

Equations (3)

Applied Optics