Numerical analysis and early detection of&#x00A0;Plasmodium falciparum using a high performance&#x00A0;plasmonic biosensor with an external sensing&#x00A0;approach

Tazin Fatema; Sumaya Arafin; Sumaya Arafin; Sohanur Rahman; Sohanur Rahman; Md. Walid Hassan; Md. Walid Hassan

doi:10.1364/AO.521186

Applied Optics
Vol. 63,
Issue 10,
pp. 2552-2560
(2024)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.521186

Numerical analysis and early detection of Plasmodium falciparum using a high performance plasmonic biosensor with an external sensing approach

Tazin Fatema, Sumaya Arafin, Sohanur Rahman, and Md. Walid Hassan

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Tazin Fatema, Sumaya Arafin, Sohanur Rahman, and Md. Walid Hassan, "Numerical analysis and early detection of Plasmodium falciparum using a high performance plasmonic biosensor with an external sensing approach," Appl. Opt. 63, 2552-2560 (2024)

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Table of Contents Category
- Optical Devices, Sensors, and Detectors
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The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: February 11, 2024
- Revised Manuscript: March 3, 2024
- Manuscript Accepted: March 5, 2024
- Published: March 21, 2024

Abstract

The authors propose a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor based on photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) using three hexagonal ring lattices. The sensor can detect biomolecules with maximum wavelength and amplitude sensitivities of 23,000 nm/RIU and ${1310.93}\;{{\rm RIU}^{- 1}}$, respectively, in the RI range of 1.32 to 1.42. It can detect infected red blood cells with Plasmodium falciparum for RIs of 1.402, 1.373, 1.395, and 1.383 in various malaria-infected red blood cell stages, including ring phase, trophozoite phase, and schizont phase. Furthermore, the sensor will be able to detect biomolecules such as viruses, proteins, DNA/RNA strands, acetone, ethanol, hexane, isopropanol, hexanol, formic acid, allyl cyanide, and others in its range. With these impressive results and identification capacity, the proposed sensor would benefit the biomaterial field and be appropriate for the early identification of malaria disease.

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Data availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Phase of RBC	Detected RI	Confinement Loss (dB/cm)	Wavelength Sensitivity (nm/RIU)	Amplitude Sensitivity ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )
Normal RBC	1.402	0.34	NA	NA
Ring phase RBC	1.395	0.022	5000	654.3
Trophozoite RBC	1.383	0.11	3000	657.6
Schizont RBC	1.373	0.068	8000	646.2

RI	Resonance Wavelength (µm)	Wavelength Sensitivity (nm/RIU)	Amplitude Sensitivity ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	Wavelength Resolution ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	FOM (1/RIU)
1.33	0.592	1600	79.1256	$6.25 \times 10^{- 5}$	28
1.34	0.608	1900	108.139	$5.26 \times 10^{- 5}$	33
1.35	0.627	2500	149.434	$4 \times 10^{- 5}$	48
1.36	0.652	2800	224.439	$3.57 \times 10^{- 5}$	64
1.37	0.680	4000	269.996	$2.5 \times 10^{- 5}$	80
1.38	0.720	6000	621.685	$1.67 \times 10^{- 5}$	120
1.39	0.780	9000	1035.21	$1.11 \times 10^{- 5}$	160
1.40	0.870	15000	1310.93	$6.67 \times 10^{- 6}$	214
1.41	1.020	23000	548.572	$4.34 \times 10^{- 6}$	270
1.42	1.250	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Detection Range	Coating Material	Wavelength Sensitivity (nm/RIU)	Amplitude Sensitivity (1/RIU)	Sensor Resolution (RIU)	FOM (1/RIU)	References
1.4–1.46	Gold	1600	780	$6.25 \times 10^{- 6}$	400	[57]
1.33–1.41	Gold	5800 and 11500 in	554.9 and 636.5 in	$1.72 \times 10^{- 5}$	N/A	[24]
		x and y polarization	x and y polarization	$8.07 \times 10^{- 6}$
1.385–1.40	Titanium Nitride	10000	N/A	$2 \times 10^{- 5}$	N/A	[56]
1.34–1.40	Gold	11000	1582.95	$9.09 \times 10^{- 6}$	N/A	[26]
1.33–1.44	Gold	11200	505.037	$8.92 \times 10^{- 6}$	275	[54]
1.33–1.40	Gold	12000(RSC),	478(RSC)	$8.33 \times 10^{- 6}$	108(RSC)	[36]
		11000(MSC),	533(MSC)	$9.09 \times 10^{- 6}$	143(MSC)
		10000(SSC)	933(SSC)	$1 \times 10^{- 6}$	217(SSC)
1.32–1.42	Gold	23000	1310.93	$4.34 \times 10^{- 6}$	270	Our proposed sensor

Phase of RBC	Detected RI	Confinement Loss (dB/cm)	Wavelength Sensitivity (nm/RIU)	Amplitude Sensitivity ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )
Normal RBC	1.402	0.34	NA	NA
Ring phase RBC	1.395	0.022	5000	654.3
Trophozoite RBC	1.383	0.11	3000	657.6
Schizont RBC	1.373	0.068	8000	646.2

RI	Resonance Wavelength (µm)	Wavelength Sensitivity (nm/RIU)	Amplitude Sensitivity ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	Wavelength Resolution ( ${R I U}^{- 1}$ )	FOM (1/RIU)
1.33	0.592	1600	79.1256	$6.25 \times 10^{- 5}$	28
1.34	0.608	1900	108.139	$5.26 \times 10^{- 5}$	33
1.35	0.627	2500	149.434	$4 \times 10^{- 5}$	48
1.36	0.652	2800	224.439	$3.57 \times 10^{- 5}$	64
1.37	0.680	4000	269.996	$2.5 \times 10^{- 5}$	80
1.38	0.720	6000	621.685	$1.67 \times 10^{- 5}$	120
1.39	0.780	9000	1035.21	$1.11 \times 10^{- 5}$	160
1.40	0.870	15000	1310.93	$6.67 \times 10^{- 6}$	214
1.41	1.020	23000	548.572	$4.34 \times 10^{- 6}$	270
1.42	1.250	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

Abstract

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Figures (10)

Tables (3)

Equations (7)

Applied Optics