Features of Tropospheric and Stratospheric Dust

L. Elterman; R. Wexler; D. T. Chang

doi:10.1364/AO.8.000893

Applied Optics
Vol. 8,
Issue 5,
pp. 893-903
(1969)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.8.000893

Features of Tropospheric and Stratospheric Dust

L. Elterman, R. Wexler, and D. T. Chang

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L. Elterman, R. Wexler, and D. T. Chang, "Features of Tropospheric and Stratospheric Dust," Appl. Opt. 8, 893-903 (1969)

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Abstract

A series of 119 profiles obtained over New Mexico comprise aerosol attenuation coefficients vs altitude to about 35 km. These profiles show the existence of several features. A surface convective dust layer extending up to about 5 km is seasonally dependent. Also, a turbidity maximum exists below the tropopause. The altitude of an aerosol maximum in the lower stratosphere is located just below that of the minimum temperature. The colder the minimum temperature, the greater is the aerosol content of the layer. This relationship suggests that the 20-km dust layer is due to convection in tropical air and advection to higher latitudes. Computed averages of optical thickness show that abatement of stratospheric dust from the Mt. Agung eruption became evident in April 1964. Results based on seventy-nine profiles characterizing volcanic dust abatement indicate that above 26 km, the aerosol scale height averages 3.75 km. Extrapolating with this scale height, tabulations are developed for uv, visible, and ir attenuation to 50 km. Optical mixing ratios are used to examine the aerosol concentrations at various altitudes, including a layer at 26 km having an optical thickness 10⁻³ for 0.55-μ wavelength.

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Group	Period (inclusive)	Number of profiles	Mean optical thickness (approximately 12–25 km) × 10⁻²;
A	Dec. 1963–Mar. 1964	40	3.1
B	Apr. 1964–Sep. 1964	50	2.2
C	Oct. 1964–Nov. 1964	10	2.7
D	Dec. 1964–Apr. 1965	19	2.4
(B+C+D)	Apr. 1964–Apr. 1965	79	2.3

Alt. (km) h	Rayleigh atten. coeff. (km⁻¹) β_r	Rayleigh optical thick. (0-h) τ_r	Rayleigh optical thick. (h - ∞) ${τ_{Γ}}^{'}$	Aerosol atten. coeff. (km⁻¹) β_p	Aerosol optical thick. (0-h) τ_p	Aerosol optical thick. (h - ∞) $τ_{p}^{'}$	Ozone absorp. coeff. (km⁻¹) β₃	Ozone optical thick. (0-h) τ₃	Ozone optical thick. (h - ∞) $τ_{3}^{'}$	Ext. coeff. (km⁻¹) β_ext	Ext. optical thick. (0-h) τ_ext	Ext. optical thick. (h - ∞) $τ_{ext}^{'}$
0	1.446 −1	.000	1.222	2.60 −1	.000	.411	3.60 −2	.000	3.413	4.41 −1	.000	5.047
1	1.312 −1	.138	1.084	1.14 −1	.137	.224	3.29 −2	.034	3.373	2.79 −1	.360	4. 688
2	1.188 −1	.263	.959	4.94 −2	.269	.142	2.96 −2	.030	3.347	1. 96 −1	.598	4.450
3	1.073 −1	.376	.346	2.07 −2	.304	−107	2.52 −2	.093	3.320	1.53 −1	.773	4.274
4	9.672 −2	.477	.744	1.10 −2	.320	−091	2.28 −2	.117	3.295	1.31 −1	.915	4.132
5	8.693 −2	.569	.652	8.26 −3	.330	.081	2.23 −2	.140	3.273	1.16 −1	1.039	4.008
6	7.792 −2	.651	.570	5.83 −3	.337	−074	2.18 −2	.162	3.251	1.06 −1	1.151	3.697
7	6.965 −2	.725	.496	5.41 −3	.342	.069	2.25 −2	.184	3.295	9.76 −2	1.252	3.795
8	6.207 −2	.791	.431	5.53 −3	.348	.063	2.50 −2	.207	3.208	9.07 −2	1.346	3.701
9	5.513 −2	.649	.372	5.35 −3	.353	.058	2.84 −2	.252	3.180	8.89 −2	1.436	3.611
10	4.881 −2	.9 01	.320	5.22 −3	.358	.05 3	3.53 −2	.264	3.143	8.94 −2	1.525	3.522
11	4.306 −2	.947	.274	4.89 −3	.364	.047	4.05 −2	.305	3.107	9.44 −2	1.617	3.430
12	3.682 −2	.987	.235	5.13 −3	.369	.042	6.27 −2	.360	3.053	1.05 −1	1.717	3.331
13	3.147 −2	1.021	.201	4.74 −3	.373	.038	8.53 −2.	.434	2.979	1−22 −1	1.8 30	3.216
14	2.690 −2	1.050	.171	4.64 −3	.378	.033	9.67 −2	.525	2.888	1.28 −1	1.955	3.093
15	2.299 −2	1.075	.147	4.36 −3	.383	.028	1.00 −2	.623	2.7 89	1.28 −1	2.083	2.965
16	1.965 −2	1.096	.125	4.15 −3	.387	.024	1.04 −1	.726	2.687	1.23 −1	2.210	2.837
17	1.680 −2	1.114	.107	4.10 −3	.391	.020	1.12 −1	.834	2.579	1.33 −1	2.341	2.707
18	1.436 −2	1.130	.092	3.97 −3	.395	.016	1.23 −1	.951	2.401	1.42 −1	2.478	2.569
19	1.228 −2	1.143	.076	3.34 −3	.399	.012	1.43 −1	1.035	2.328	1.59 −1	2.628	2.419
20	1.050 −2	1.154	.067	2.45 −3	.402	.009	1.66 −1	1.239	2.173	1.79 −1	2.797	2.250
21	8.937 −3	1.164	.057	1.78 −3	.404	.0u7	1.86 −1	1.415	1.993	1.97 −1	2.985	2.063
22	7.615 −3	1.172	.049	1.34 −3	.405	.006	1.99 −1	1.607	1.805	2.08 −1	3.187	1.300
23	6.433 −3	1.179	.042	1.02 −3	.406	.005	2.00 −1	1.807	1.606	2.07 −1	3.395	1.653
24	5.541 −3	1.185	.036	8.11 −4	.407	.004	1.95 −1	2.004	l.408	2.01 −1	3.599	1.448
25	4.732 −3	1.191	.031	6.83 −4	.408	.003	1.82 −1	2.193	1.220	1.87 −1	3.793	1.254
26	4.044 −3	1.195	.027	5.96 −4	.409	.002	l.65 −1	2. 366	1.047	1.69 −1	3.972	1.076
27	3.458 −3	1.199	.023	4.50 −4	.409	.002	1.42 −1	2.519	.8 93	1.46 −1	4.129	.918
28	2.960 −3	1.202	.020	3.49 −4	.410	.001	1.24 −1	2.653	.760	1.28 −1	4.266.	.781
29	2.535 −3	1.205	.017	2.68 −4	.410	.001	1.08 −1	2.769	.644	1.11 −1	4.386	.662
30	2.173 −3	1.207	.015	2.06 −4	.410	.001	9.12 −2	2. 856	.544	9.36 −2	4.438	.560
31	1.864 −3	1.209	.013	1.57 −4	.410	.001	8.01 −2	2.954	.459	6.21 −2	4.576	.472
32	1.600 −3	1.211	.Oil	1.20 −4	.411	.000	6.89 −2	3.029	.384	7.06 −2	4.652	.395
33	1.366 −3	1.212	.009	9.22 −5	.411	.000	5.88 −2	3.092	.520	6.02 −2	4.717	.550
34	1.167 −3	1.213	.008	7.00 −5	.411	.000	4.90 −2	3. 146	.266	5.02 −2	4.773	.275
35	9.990 −4	1.214	.007	5.41 −5	.411	−000	4,35 −2	3. 193	.220	4.46 −2	4.820	.227
36	8.567 −4	1.215	.006	4.15 −5	.411	.000	3.65 −2	3.255	.180	3.74 −2	4.861	.180
37	7.300 −4	1.216	.005	3.18 −5	.411	.000	3.05 −2	3.266	.147	3.13 −2	4.895	.152
33	6.335 −4	1.217	−005	2.44 −5	.411	.000	2.50 −2	3.294	.119	2.62 −2	4.924	.123
30	5.461 −4	1.217	.004	1.86 −5	.411	.000	2.19 −2	3.318	.095	2.25 −2	4.948	.099
40	4.717 −4	1.218	.004	1.43 −5	.411	.000	1.83 −2	3.338	.075	1.93 −2	4.969	.078
41	4.080 −4	1.213	.003	1.09 −5	.411	.000	1.54 −2	3. 355	.057	1.58 −2	4.987	.061
42	3.535 −4	1.219	.005	8.36 −6	.411	.000	1.20 −2	3.369	.044	1.24 −2	5.001	.046
43	3.068 −4	1.219	.002	6.40 −6	.411	.000	9.39 −3	3.380	.033	9.71 −3	5.012	.035
44	2.666 −4	1.219	.002	4.90 −6	.411	.000	7.51 −3	3.386	.025	7.79 −3	5.021	.027
45	2.321 −4	1.220	.002	3.75 −6	.411	.000	5.82 −3	3.395	.018	6.05 −3	5.028	.020
46	2.023 −4	1.220	.002	2.85 −6	.411	.000	4.50 −3	3.400	.013	4.71 −3	5.033	.014
4.7	1.767 −4	1.220	.001	2.21 −6	.411	.000	3.57 −3	3.404	.009	3.74 −3	5.037	.010
48	1.554 −4	1.220	.001	1.69 −6	.411	.000	2.82 −3	3.407	.006	2.98 −3	5.041	.007
49	1.373 −4	1.220	.001	1.29 −6	.411	.000	2.25 −3	3.410	.003	2.39 −3	5.043	.004
50	1.212 −4	1.221	.001	9.91 −7	.411	.000	1.88 −3	3.412	.001	2.00 −3	5.045	.002

Alt. (km) h	Rayleigh atten. coeff. (km⁻¹) β_r	Rayleigh optical thick. (0 - h) τ_r	Rayleigh optical thick. (h - ∞) $τ_{r}^{'}$	Aerosol atten. coeff. (km⁻¹) β_p	Aerosol optical thick. (0 - h) τ_p	Aerosol optical thick. (h - ∞) $τ_{p}^{'}$	Ozone absorp. coeff. (km⁻¹) β₃	Ozone optical thick. (0 - h) τ₃	Ozone optical thick. (h - ∞) $τ_{3}^{'}$	Ext. coeff. (km⁻¹) β_ext	Ext. optical thick. (0 - h) τ_ext	Ext. optical thick. (h - ∞) $τ_{ext}^{'}$
0	1.162 −2	.000	.098	1.58 −1	.000	.250	3.28 −4	.000	.031	1.70 −1	.000	.379
1	1.055 −2	.011	.087	6.95 −2	.114	.136	3.00 −4	.000	.031	8.03 −2	.125	.254
2	9.550 −3	.021	.077	3.00 −2	.103	.086	2.70 −4	.001	.0 30	3.98 −2	.185	. 194
3	8.627 −3	.0 30	.068	1.20 −2	.185	.065	2.30 −4	.001	.030	2. 15 −2	.216	.103
4	7.774 −3	.038	.060	6.66 −3	. 194	.055	2.0 8 −4	.001	.0 30	1.46 −2	.2 34	.145
s	6.987 −3	.046	.052	5.02 −3	.200	.049	2.0 3 −4	. 001	.030	1.22 −2	.247	.1 32
6	6.263 −3	.052	.046	3.54 −3	.205	.045	1.99 −4	. 001	.030	1.00 −2	.258	.121
7	5.598 −3	.058	.040	3.29 −3	.203	.042	2.05 −4	.002	.029	9.09 −3	.268	.111
8	4.989 −3	.064	.035	3.39 −3	− 211	.038	2.10 −4	.002	.029	8.59 −3	.277	. 102
9	4.431 −3	.068	.030	3.2 5 −3	.215	.035	2.5 9 −4	.002	.029	7.94 −3	−285	.094
10	3.923 −3	.072	.026	3.17 −3	.218	.032	3.22 −4	.002	.029	7.42 −3	−291	.086
11	3.461 −3	.076	.022	2.91 −3	.221	.029	4.2 3 −4	.003	.028	6.8 −3	.300	.079
12	2.960 −3	.079	.019	3.12 −3	.224	.026	5.71 −4	.003	.023	6.65 −3	.307	.073
13	2.529 −3	.082	.016	2.8 8 −3	.227	.023	7.77 −4	.004	.027	6.19 −3	.313	.00 0
14	2.162 −3	.0 84	.014	2.8 2 −.3	.230	.020	8.80 −4	.005	.026	5.86 −3	.319	.080
15	1.848 −3	.086	.012	2.65 −3	.233	.017	9.14 −4	.006	.025	5.41 −3	.325	.054
16	1.579 −3	.088	.010	2.52 −3	.235	.015	9.48 −4	.007	.024	5.05 −3	.330	.049
17	1.350 −3	.090	.009	2.49 −3	.238	.012	1.02 −3	.008	.023	4.86 −3	.335	.044
18	1.154 −3	.091	.007	2.41 −3	.240	.010	1.12 −3	.009	.022	4.69 −3	−340	.040
19	9.867 −4	.092	.006	2.03 −3	.242	.007	1.31 −3	.010	.021	4.32 −3	.344	.035
20	8.435 −4	.093	.005	1.49 −3	.244	.006	1.51 −3	.011	.020	3.84 −3	.348	.031
21	7.183 −4	.094	.005	1.08 −3	.245	.004	1.69 −3	.013	.018	3.49 −3	.352	.027
22	6.121 −4	.094	.004	8.13 −4	.246	.003	1.81 −3	.015	.016	3.24 −3	.355	.024
23	5.219 −4	.095	.003	6.22 −4	.247	.003	1.82 −3	.016	.015	2.97 −3	.358	.021
24	4.453 −4	.095	.003	4.93 −4	.248	.002	1.78 −3	.018	.013	2.71 −3	.361	.018
25	3.803 −4	.096	.002	4.15 −4	.248	.002	1.66 −3	.020	.011	2.45 −3	.364	−015
26	3.250 −4	.096	.002	3.62 −4	.248	.001	1.50 −3	.022	.010	2.19 −3	.366	.013
27	2.780 −4	.096	.002	2.77 −4	.249	.001	1.3 0 −3	.023	.003	1.85 −3	.368	.011
28	2.379 −4	.097	.002	2.12 −4	.249	.001	1.13 −3	.024	.007	1.58 −3	.370	.009
29	2.038 −4	.097	.001	1.63 −4	.249	.001	9.84 −4	.025	.006	1.35 −3	.371	.008
30	1.747 −4	.097	.001	1.25 −4	.249	.000	8.31 −4	.02b	.005	1.13 −3	.373	.007
31	1.498 −4	.097	.001	9.55 −5	.249	.000	7.30 −4	.027	.004	9.75 −4	.374	.006
32	1.286 −4	.097	.001	7.31 −5	.249	.000	6.27 −4	.028	.003	8.29 −4	.3 75	.003
33	1.098 −4	.097	.001	5.60 −5	.250	.000	5.35 −4	.028	.001	7.01 −4	.375	.004
34	9.331 −5	.0 98	.001	4.29 −5	.250	.000	4.46 −4	.029	.002	5.83 −4	.376	.001
35	8.030 −5	.098	.001	3.29 −5	.250	.000	3.97 −4	.029	.002	5.10 −4	.377	.003
36	6.886 −5	.098	.000	2.52 −5.	.250	−000	3.32 −4	.029	.002	4.26 −4	.377	.002
37	5.916 −5	.098	.000	1.93 −5	.250	.000	2.7 3 −4	.030	.001	3.56 −4	.377	.002
33	5.092 −5	.098	.000	1.48 −5	.250	.000	2.33 −4	.030	.001	2.98 −4	.378	.002
39	4.390 −5	.098	.000	1.13 −5	.250	.000	2.00 −4	.030	.001	2.55 −4	.378	.001
40	3.791 −5	.098	.000	8−66 −6	.250	.000	1.71 −4	.030	.001	2.18 −4	.378	.001
41	3.279 −5	.098	.000	6.64 −6	.250	.000	1.40 −4	.031	.001	1.79 −4	.378	.001
42	2.841 −5	.098	.000	5.08 −6	.250	.000	1.09 −4	.031	.000	1.43 −4	.379	.001
43	2.406 −5	.0 98	.000	3.89 −6	.450	.000	8.56 −5	.031	.000	1.14 −4	.379	.001
44	2.143 −5	.098	.000	2.98 −6	.250	.000	6.84 −5	.031	.000	9.29 −5	.379	.000
45	1.866 −5	.098	.000	2.28 −6	.250	.000	5.30 −5	.031	.000	7.39 −5	.379	.000
46	1.626 −5	.098	.000	1.75 −6	.250	.000	4.10 −5	.031	.000	5.90 −5	.379	.000
47	1.420 −5	.098	.000	1.34 −6	.250	.000	3.25 −5	.031	.000	4.80 −5	.379	.000
48	1.249 −5	.098	.000	1.03 −6	.250	.000	2.57 −5	.031	.000	1.92 −5	.379	.000
49	1.103 −5	.098	.000	7.86 −7	.250	.000	2.05 −5	.031	.000	1.21 −5	.379	.000
50	9.743 −6	.098	.000	6.02 −7	.250	.000	1.71 −5	.031	.000	2.75−5	.379	.000

Group	Period (inclusive)	Number of profiles	Mean optical thickness (approximately 12–25 km) × 10⁻²;
A	Dec. 1963–Mar. 1964	40	3.1
B	Apr. 1964–Sep. 1964	50	2.2
C	Oct. 1964–Nov. 1964	10	2.7
D	Dec. 1964–Apr. 1965	19	2.4
(B+C+D)	Apr. 1964–Apr. 1965	79	2.3

Alt. (km) h	Rayleigh atten. coeff. (km⁻¹) β_r	Rayleigh optical thick. (0-h) τ_r	Rayleigh optical thick. (h - ∞) ${τ_{Γ}}^{'}$	Aerosol atten. coeff. (km⁻¹) β_p	Aerosol optical thick. (0-h) τ_p	Aerosol optical thick. (h - ∞) $τ_{p}^{'}$	Ozone absorp. coeff. (km⁻¹) β₃	Ozone optical thick. (0-h) τ₃	Ozone optical thick. (h - ∞) $τ_{3}^{'}$	Ext. coeff. (km⁻¹) β_ext	Ext. optical thick. (0-h) τ_ext	Ext. optical thick. (h - ∞) $τ_{ext}^{'}$
0	1.446 −1	.000	1.222	2.60 −1	.000	.411	3.60 −2	.000	3.413	4.41 −1	.000	5.047
1	1.312 −1	.138	1.084	1.14 −1	.137	.224	3.29 −2	.034	3.373	2.79 −1	.360	4. 688
2	1.188 −1	.263	.959	4.94 −2	.269	.142	2.96 −2	.030	3.347	1. 96 −1	.598	4.450
3	1.073 −1	.376	.346	2.07 −2	.304	−107	2.52 −2	.093	3.320	1.53 −1	.773	4.274
4	9.672 −2	.477	.744	1.10 −2	.320	−091	2.28 −2	.117	3.295	1.31 −1	.915	4.132
5	8.693 −2	.569	.652	8.26 −3	.330	.081	2.23 −2	.140	3.273	1.16 −1	1.039	4.008
6	7.792 −2	.651	.570	5.83 −3	.337	−074	2.18 −2	.162	3.251	1.06 −1	1.151	3.697
7	6.965 −2	.725	.496	5.41 −3	.342	.069	2.25 −2	.184	3.295	9.76 −2	1.252	3.795
8	6.207 −2	.791	.431	5.53 −3	.348	.063	2.50 −2	.207	3.208	9.07 −2	1.346	3.701
9	5.513 −2	.649	.372	5.35 −3	.353	.058	2.84 −2	.252	3.180	8.89 −2	1.436	3.611
10	4.881 −2	.9 01	.320	5.22 −3	.358	.05 3	3.53 −2	.264	3.143	8.94 −2	1.525	3.522
11	4.306 −2	.947	.274	4.89 −3	.364	.047	4.05 −2	.305	3.107	9.44 −2	1.617	3.430
12	3.682 −2	.987	.235	5.13 −3	.369	.042	6.27 −2	.360	3.053	1.05 −1	1.717	3.331
13	3.147 −2	1.021	.201	4.74 −3	.373	.038	8.53 −2.	.434	2.979	1−22 −1	1.8 30	3.216
14	2.690 −2	1.050	.171	4.64 −3	.378	.033	9.67 −2	.525	2.888	1.28 −1	1.955	3.093
15	2.299 −2	1.075	.147	4.36 −3	.383	.028	1.00 −2	.623	2.7 89	1.28 −1	2.083	2.965
16	1.965 −2	1.096	.125	4.15 −3	.387	.024	1.04 −1	.726	2.687	1.23 −1	2.210	2.837
17	1.680 −2	1.114	.107	4.10 −3	.391	.020	1.12 −1	.834	2.579	1.33 −1	2.341	2.707
18	1.436 −2	1.130	.092	3.97 −3	.395	.016	1.23 −1	.951	2.401	1.42 −1	2.478	2.569
19	1.228 −2	1.143	.076	3.34 −3	.399	.012	1.43 −1	1.035	2.328	1.59 −1	2.628	2.419
20	1.050 −2	1.154	.067	2.45 −3	.402	.009	1.66 −1	1.239	2.173	1.79 −1	2.797	2.250
21	8.937 −3	1.164	.057	1.78 −3	.404	.0u7	1.86 −1	1.415	1.993	1.97 −1	2.985	2.063
22	7.615 −3	1.172	.049	1.34 −3	.405	.006	1.99 −1	1.607	1.805	2.08 −1	3.187	1.300
23	6.433 −3	1.179	.042	1.02 −3	.406	.005	2.00 −1	1.807	1.606	2.07 −1	3.395	1.653
24	5.541 −3	1.185	.036	8.11 −4	.407	.004	1.95 −1	2.004	l.408	2.01 −1	3.599	1.448
25	4.732 −3	1.191	.031	6.83 −4	.408	.003	1.82 −1	2.193	1.220	1.87 −1	3.793	1.254
26	4.044 −3	1.195	.027	5.96 −4	.409	.002	l.65 −1	2. 366	1.047	1.69 −1	3.972	1.076
27	3.458 −3	1.199	.023	4.50 −4	.409	.002	1.42 −1	2.519	.8 93	1.46 −1	4.129	.918
28	2.960 −3	1.202	.020	3.49 −4	.410	.001	1.24 −1	2.653	.760	1.28 −1	4.266.	.781
29	2.535 −3	1.205	.017	2.68 −4	.410	.001	1.08 −1	2.769	.644	1.11 −1	4.386	.662
30	2.173 −3	1.207	.015	2.06 −4	.410	.001	9.12 −2	2. 856	.544	9.36 −2	4.438	.560
31	1.864 −3	1.209	.013	1.57 −4	.410	.001	8.01 −2	2.954	.459	6.21 −2	4.576	.472
32	1.600 −3	1.211	.Oil	1.20 −4	.411	.000	6.89 −2	3.029	.384	7.06 −2	4.652	.395
33	1.366 −3	1.212	.009	9.22 −5	.411	.000	5.88 −2	3.092	.520	6.02 −2	4.717	.550
34	1.167 −3	1.213	.008	7.00 −5	.411	.000	4.90 −2	3. 146	.266	5.02 −2	4.773	.275
35	9.990 −4	1.214	.007	5.41 −5	.411	−000	4,35 −2	3. 193	.220	4.46 −2	4.820	.227
36	8.567 −4	1.215	.006	4.15 −5	.411	.000	3.65 −2	3.255	.180	3.74 −2	4.861	.180
37	7.300 −4	1.216	.005	3.18 −5	.411	.000	3.05 −2	3.266	.147	3.13 −2	4.895	.152
33	6.335 −4	1.217	−005	2.44 −5	.411	.000	2.50 −2	3.294	.119	2.62 −2	4.924	.123
30	5.461 −4	1.217	.004	1.86 −5	.411	.000	2.19 −2	3.318	.095	2.25 −2	4.948	.099
40	4.717 −4	1.218	.004	1.43 −5	.411	.000	1.83 −2	3.338	.075	1.93 −2	4.969	.078
41	4.080 −4	1.213	.003	1.09 −5	.411	.000	1.54 −2	3. 355	.057	1.58 −2	4.987	.061
42	3.535 −4	1.219	.005	8.36 −6	.411	.000	1.20 −2	3.369	.044	1.24 −2	5.001	.046
43	3.068 −4	1.219	.002	6.40 −6	.411	.000	9.39 −3	3.380	.033	9.71 −3	5.012	.035
44	2.666 −4	1.219	.002	4.90 −6	.411	.000	7.51 −3	3.386	.025	7.79 −3	5.021	.027
45	2.321 −4	1.220	.002	3.75 −6	.411	.000	5.82 −3	3.395	.018	6.05 −3	5.028	.020
46	2.023 −4	1.220	.002	2.85 −6	.411	.000	4.50 −3	3.400	.013	4.71 −3	5.033	.014
4.7	1.767 −4	1.220	.001	2.21 −6	.411	.000	3.57 −3	3.404	.009	3.74 −3	5.037	.010
48	1.554 −4	1.220	.001	1.69 −6	.411	.000	2.82 −3	3.407	.006	2.98 −3	5.041	.007
49	1.373 −4	1.220	.001	1.29 −6	.411	.000	2.25 −3	3.410	.003	2.39 −3	5.043	.004
50	1.212 −4	1.221	.001	9.91 −7	.411	.000	1.88 −3	3.412	.001	2.00 −3	5.045	.002

Abstract

Cited By

Figures (12)

Tables (3)

Equations (12)

Applied Optics