Experimental and analytical evaluation of an active barium vapor notch filter functioning at 355 nm

M. Hetlage; C. Limbach

doi:10.1364/AO.457971

Applied Optics
Vol. 61,
Issue 15,
pp. 4591-4601
(2022)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.457971

Experimental and analytical evaluation of an active barium vapor notch filter functioning at 355 nm

M. Hetlage and C. Limbach

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M. Hetlage and C. Limbach, "Experimental and analytical evaluation of an active barium vapor notch filter functioning at 355 nm," Appl. Opt. 61, 4591-4601 (2022)

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- Spectroscopy
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: March 24, 2022
- Revised Manuscript: May 3, 2022
- Manuscript Accepted: May 4, 2022
- Published: May 19, 2022

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Abstract

This work presents an experimental and theoretical study of the $6{\rm{s}}^{21}{{\rm{S}}_0} \to 6{\rm{s}}6{\rm{p}}{^{\;3}}{\rm{P}}_1^0$ (791 nm) and $5{\rm{s}}5{\rm{d}}{^{\;3}}{{\rm{D}}_2} \to 6{\rm{s}}5{\rm{f}}{^{\;3}}{\rm{F}}_2^0$ (355 nm) transitions within a low vapor pressure barium vapor in the absence of a buffer gas. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first measurement of the latter absorption feature. The study is motivated by the development of an optically controlled atomic vapor notch filter functioning at the third harmonic of the commonly used Nd:YAG laser at 355 nm. The low-pressure environment within the vapor source has enabled a deeper understanding of barium vapor collisional and velocity changing properties with a simple pump-probe spectroscopy measurement. The results demonstrate depletion of the ground state and subsequent population of the $5{\rm{s}}5{\rm{d}}{^{\;3}}{{\rm{D}}_2}$ level. Most notably, the $5{\rm{s}}5{\rm{d}}{^{\;3}}{{\rm{D}}_2} \to 6{\rm{s}}5{\rm{f}}{^{\;3}}{\rm{F}}_2^0$ transition displays a non-thermal, cusped absorption curve. An analysis of this line shape in the context of existing analytical collisional kernels is presented. Additionally, a six-level kinetic model of the low-lying energy levels, incorporating spatial diffusion and collisional and radiative transitions, is introduced and compared to the measured level populations for the barium ground state and excited $5{\rm{s}}5{\rm{d}}{^{\;3}}{{\rm{D}}_2}$ state.

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Data availability

Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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Constant	Value	Source
$B_{12}$	$5.25 \times 10^{10} m s / k g$	[9]
$A_{21}$	$2.94 \times 10^{5} 1 / s$	[9]
$B_{21}$	$1.75 \times 10^{10} m s / k g$	[9]
$A_{25}$	$3.85 \times 10^{5} 1 / s$	[12]
$A_{26}$	$1.48 \times 10^{5} 1 / s$	[12]
$σ_{c, 21}$	$1.5 \times 10^{- 15} {c m}^{2}$	[11]
$σ_{c, 24}$	$5.83 \times 10^{- 16} {c m}^{2}$	[11]
$σ_{c, 26}$	$1.67 \times 10^{- 16} {c m}^{2}$	[11]
$σ_{c, 34}$	$1.8 \times 10^{- 15} {c m}^{2}$	[11]
$σ_{c, 35}$	$3.4 \times 10^{- 15} {c m}^{2}$	[11]
$σ_{c, 42}$	$6.83 \times 10^{- 15} {c m}^{2}$	^a[11]
$σ_{c, 43}$	$3.91 \times 10^{- 15} {c m}^{2}$	^a[11]
$σ_{c, 45}$	$1.82 \times 10^{- 15} {c m}^{2}$	^a[15]
$σ_{c, 53}$	$4.94 \times 10^{- 17} {c m}^{2}$	^a[11]
$σ_{c, 54}$	$5.8 \times 10^{- 13} {c m}^{2}$	[15]
$σ_{c, 56}$	$1.3 \times 10^{- 13} {c m}^{2}$	[15]
$σ_{c, 62}$	$1.53 \times 10^{- 19} {c m}^{2}$	^a[11]
$σ_{c, 65}$	$3.19 \times 10^{- 26} {c m}^{2}$	^a[15]

$Δ ν$ [MHz]	$s$	$ϕ_{1}$	$ϕ_{2}$
−450	2.71	0.54	0.46
−370	2.68	0.78	0.22
−295	2.78	0.69	0.31
−220	3.12	0.68	0.32
−155	3.38	0.62	0.38
−90	2.96	0.71	0.29
−75	2.80	0.68	0.32
−60	2.99	0.71	0.29
−45	3.14	0.68	0.32
6	1.87	1.00	0.00
80	1.74	1.00	0.00
150	2.92	0.61	0.39
225	3.54	0.59	0.41

$I$ [ $W / c m^{2}$ ]	$Δ ν$ [MHz]	$s$	$ϕ_{1}$	$ϕ_{2}$
0.0357	−80	2.22	1.00	0.00
0.209	−80	3.45	1.00	0.00
0.326	−65	3.11	0.95	0.05
0.883	−60	2.90	1.00	0.00
1.45	−80	2.31	0.97	0.03
1.54	−60	2.50	0.96	0.04
1.67	−70	2.08	0.99	0.01

Constant	Value	Source
$B_{12}$	$5.25 \times 10^{10} m s / k g$	[9]
$A_{21}$	$2.94 \times 10^{5} 1 / s$	[9]
$B_{21}$	$1.75 \times 10^{10} m s / k g$	[9]
$A_{25}$	$3.85 \times 10^{5} 1 / s$	[12]
$A_{26}$	$1.48 \times 10^{5} 1 / s$	[12]
$σ_{c, 21}$	$1.5 \times 10^{- 15} {c m}^{2}$	[11]
$σ_{c, 24}$	$5.83 \times 10^{- 16} {c m}^{2}$	[11]
$σ_{c, 26}$	$1.67 \times 10^{- 16} {c m}^{2}$	[11]
$σ_{c, 34}$	$1.8 \times 10^{- 15} {c m}^{2}$	[11]
$σ_{c, 35}$	$3.4 \times 10^{- 15} {c m}^{2}$	[11]
$σ_{c, 42}$	$6.83 \times 10^{- 15} {c m}^{2}$	^a[11]
$σ_{c, 43}$	$3.91 \times 10^{- 15} {c m}^{2}$	^a[11]
$σ_{c, 45}$	$1.82 \times 10^{- 15} {c m}^{2}$	^a[15]
$σ_{c, 53}$	$4.94 \times 10^{- 17} {c m}^{2}$	^a[11]
$σ_{c, 54}$	$5.8 \times 10^{- 13} {c m}^{2}$	[15]
$σ_{c, 56}$	$1.3 \times 10^{- 13} {c m}^{2}$	[15]
$σ_{c, 62}$	$1.53 \times 10^{- 19} {c m}^{2}$	^a[11]
$σ_{c, 65}$	$3.19 \times 10^{- 26} {c m}^{2}$	^a[15]

$Δ ν$ [MHz]	$s$	$ϕ_{1}$	$ϕ_{2}$
−450	2.71	0.54	0.46
−370	2.68	0.78	0.22
−295	2.78	0.69	0.31
−220	3.12	0.68	0.32
−155	3.38	0.62	0.38
−90	2.96	0.71	0.29
−75	2.80	0.68	0.32
−60	2.99	0.71	0.29
−45	3.14	0.68	0.32
6	1.87	1.00	0.00
80	1.74	1.00	0.00
150	2.92	0.61	0.39
225	3.54	0.59	0.41

Abstract

Data availability

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Figures (11)

Tables (3)

Equations (5)

Applied Optics