Passivation of black phosphorus nanoflakes embedded in a silica glass matrix affords ambient saturable absorption stability enhancement

Xueting Ma; Jialiang Liu; Chan Zheng; Chan Zheng; Li Huang; Wei Li; Wei Li; Shuguang Cai; Xueqing Xiao

doi:10.1364/AO.458653

Applied Optics
Vol. 61,
Issue 15,
pp. 4638-4647
(2022)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.458653

Passivation of black phosphorus nanoflakes embedded in a silica glass matrix affords ambient saturable absorption stability enhancement

Xueting Ma, Jialiang Liu, Chan Zheng, Li Huang, Wei Li, Shuguang Cai, and Xueqing Xiao

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Xueting Ma, Jialiang Liu, Chan Zheng, Li Huang, Wei Li, Shuguang Cai, and Xueqing Xiao, "Passivation of black phosphorus nanoflakes embedded in a silica glass matrix affords ambient saturable absorption stability enhancement," Appl. Opt. 61, 4638-4647 (2022)

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Abstract

Black phosphorus (BP) is a graphene analogue with ultrafast broadband nonlinear optical properties that make it a promising nanomaterial for saturable absorption. However, BP nanoflakes chemically degrade in ambient conditions. We developed air- and photo-stable BP nanoflakes via incorporation in inorganic-organic hybrid matrices. This realized passivation and materialization through a sol-gel method that produced high-quality, transparent bulk materials. Saturable absorption parameters of the passivated BP were maintained after five months in ambient storage and after 8000 300 µJ nanosecond laser shots. The nonlinear absorption coefficient was still 62% after 12 months in open air, which was higher than that for non-passivated BP after three days. The stability was attributed to dense silica-gel glasses that enveloped the BP, essentially eliminating oxygen and water penetration. The simplicity of this approach may stimulate potential applications for environmentally sensitive high-performance solid-state devices.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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	Method	Solvent/substrate	Thickness (nm)
Nanosheets	Sonication	NMP	0.6–60
		Water	2–20
		DMF, DMSO	2–26
		CHP	2
		Ethanol	4–25
		IPA, NMP, EA	5–10
		Ionic liquids	3–9
		Acetone, DMF, ethanol, hexane, IPA, NMP	16–128
	Sonication and milling	DMF, NMP, DIGLYM, AN	20–30
	Shear	NMP	0.9–3.5
	Shear mixing	NMP	1–2 layers
	Mechanical	${S i O}_{2} / S i$	0.7–47
		Glass	20–200

Doping level	1 ml	2 ml	3 ml	4 ml	5 ml	6 ml	7 ml
$T$ (%)	88	73	54	51	50	46	44
$α_{0} ({c m}^{- 1})$	0.64	1.57	3.08	3.37	3.47	3.88	4.1
$β (\times 10^{- 1} c m / G W)$	−0.63	−1.07	−1.85	−1.93	−2.35	−2.58	−2.95
$I s (\times 10^{- 2} G W / {c m}^{2})$	1.30	3.25	3.97	3.21	2.92	2.65	2.36
$I m χ^{(3)} (\times 10^{- 14} e s u)$	−2.22	−3.77	−6.51	−6.79	−8.27	−9.08	−10.38
$F O M (\times 10^{- 14} e s u)$	3.46	2.40	2.11	2.02	2.38	2.34	2.53

	AS/%	$β (\times 10^{- 1} c m / G W)$	Is ( $G W / {c m}^{2}$ )	$I m χ^{(3)} (\times 10^{- 14} e s u)$	$F O M (\times 10^{- 14} e s u)$
0	37.5	−2.85	2.36E-02	−10.03	2.45
3 months	35.6	−2.77	2.55E-02	−9.75	2.38
5 months	37.3	−2.83	2.38E-02	−9.96	2.43
9 months	20.5	−2.02	5.33E-02	−7.11	1.73
12 months	15	−1.78	7.89E-02	−6.26	1.53
0 shots	15.7	−1.36	52.86	−4.79	1.23
4000 shots	15.8	−1.37	51.76	−4.82	1.24
8000 shots	15.7	−1.36	52.81	−4.79	1.23
10000 shots	13.2	$- 1.19 \pm 0.03$	63.95	$- 4.19 \pm 0.10$	$1.08 \pm 0.03$

	Method	Solvent/substrate	Thickness (nm)
Nanosheets	Sonication	NMP	0.6–60
		Water	2–20
		DMF, DMSO	2–26
		CHP	2
		Ethanol	4–25
		IPA, NMP, EA	5–10
		Ionic liquids	3–9
		Acetone, DMF, ethanol, hexane, IPA, NMP	16–128
	Sonication and milling	DMF, NMP, DIGLYM, AN	20–30
	Shear	NMP	0.9–3.5
	Shear mixing	NMP	1–2 layers
	Mechanical	${S i O}_{2} / S i$	0.7–47
		Glass	20–200

Doping level	1 ml	2 ml	3 ml	4 ml	5 ml	6 ml	7 ml
$T$ (%)	88	73	54	51	50	46	44
$α_{0} ({c m}^{- 1})$	0.64	1.57	3.08	3.37	3.47	3.88	4.1
$β (\times 10^{- 1} c m / G W)$	−0.63	−1.07	−1.85	−1.93	−2.35	−2.58	−2.95
$I s (\times 10^{- 2} G W / {c m}^{2})$	1.30	3.25	3.97	3.21	2.92	2.65	2.36
$I m χ^{(3)} (\times 10^{- 14} e s u)$	−2.22	−3.77	−6.51	−6.79	−8.27	−9.08	−10.38
$F O M (\times 10^{- 14} e s u)$	3.46	2.40	2.11	2.02	2.38	2.34	2.53

Abstract

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Tables (3)

Equations (3)

Applied Optics