Instantaneous microwave frequency measurement with single branch detection based on the birefringence effect

Wei Zhu; Wei Zhu; Jing Li; Jing Li; Li Pei; Li Pei; Tigang Ning; Tigang Ning; Jingjing Zheng; Jingjing Zheng; Jianshuai Wang; Jianshuai Wang

doi:10.1364/AO.461728

Applied Optics
Vol. 61,
Issue 20,
pp. 5894-5901
(2022)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.461728

Instantaneous microwave frequency measurement with single branch detection based on the birefringence effect

Wei Zhu, Jing Li, Li Pei, Tigang Ning, Jingjing Zheng, and Jianshuai Wang

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Wei Zhu, Jing Li, Li Pei, Tigang Ning, Jingjing Zheng, and Jianshuai Wang, "Instantaneous microwave frequency measurement with single branch detection based on the birefringence effect," Appl. Opt. 61, 5894-5901 (2022)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Fiber Optics, Fiber Sensors, and Optical Communications
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: April 22, 2022
- Revised Manuscript: June 12, 2022
- Manuscript Accepted: June 17, 2022
- Published: July 5, 2022

Abstract

Instantaneous frequency measurement (IFM) with single branch detection based on the birefringence effect is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The unknown microwave frequencies are modulated to pump a length of polarization maintaining fiber. Due to the fiber birefringence effect, the input light signal is decomposed into two orthogonal-polarization signals with a relative time delay. After detection, an amplitude comparison function (ACF) is obtained by comparing the alternating-current and direct-current powers. Therefore, no multipath detection is needed so that the electrical variations in the photonic link can be cancelled out in ACF. A theoretical analysis is given to illustrate the mechanism of the proposed IFM system. The disturbances are investigated and discussed in simulation. A proof-of-concept experiment is carried out for verification with a result of $\pm {0.2}\;{\rm GHz}$ over 2.2–5.2 GHz.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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$m$	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.5
$α$	0.4996	0.4983	0.4962	0.4933	0.4895

Reference	Techniques or Devices	Demonstrated Measurement Error (GHz)	Demonstrated Measurement Range (GHz)	Single/Dual Branch	On Chip	Multi-frequency Measurement
[8]	Asymmetric integrated optical waveguide MZI	$\leq 1.9$	4–18	Dual	Yes	No
		$\leq 0.9$
		$\leq 1.9$
[9]	$S i_{3} N_{4}$ ring-assisted MZI	$\leq 0.03$ ^a	10.5–15.7	Dual	Yes	No
		$\leq 0.102$ ^a	24–35
		$\leq 0.037$ ^a	5–39
[10]	Polarization-multiplexed MZM	$\leq 0.2$	4–10	Dual	No	No
[11]	Highly non-linear fiber	$\leq 0.5$	2.5–30 (except 16–17.5)	Dual	No	No
[12]	Polarization-domain interference	$\leq 0.2$	1–18	Dual	No	No
[13]	Non-sliced BOS with two MPFs	$\leq 0.11$	8–16.5	Dual	No	No
	Non-sliced BOS with two MPFs	$\leq 0.11$	11.5–20
[14]	Silicon optical ring resonators	$\leq 0.1$	0.5–5	Dual	Yes	No
	Silicon optical ring resonators	$\leq 0.4$	0.5–35
[15]	InP-based MZI filter	$\leq 0.2$	5–15	Dual	Yes	No
[16]	Silicon Fano resonator	$\leq 0.5$	3–18	Dual	Yes	No
[17]	Few-mode fiber-based MPFs	$\leq 0.2$	0.5–17.5	Dual	No	No
[18]	Dispersion element and two modulators	$\leq 0.2$	1–20	Dual	No	No
	Dispersion element and two modulators	$\leq 0.025$	7–20
[19]	Silica waveguide chip with lock-in amplifier	$\leq 0.058$	8–9	Single	Yes	No
[20]	Co-axial cable time delay	–	10	Single	No	No
This work	Birefringence effect in PMF	$\leq 0.2$	2–5.5	Single	No	No

$m$	0.1	0.2	0.3	0.4	0.5
$α$	0.4996	0.4983	0.4962	0.4933	0.4895

Reference	Techniques or Devices	Demonstrated Measurement Error (GHz)	Demonstrated Measurement Range (GHz)	Single/Dual Branch	On Chip	Multi-frequency Measurement
[8]	Asymmetric integrated optical waveguide MZI	$\leq 1.9$	4–18	Dual	Yes	No
		$\leq 0.9$
		$\leq 1.9$
[9]	$S i_{3} N_{4}$ ring-assisted MZI	$\leq 0.03$ ^a	10.5–15.7	Dual	Yes	No
		$\leq 0.102$ ^a	24–35
		$\leq 0.037$ ^a	5–39
[10]	Polarization-multiplexed MZM	$\leq 0.2$	4–10	Dual	No	No
[11]	Highly non-linear fiber	$\leq 0.5$	2.5–30 (except 16–17.5)	Dual	No	No
[12]	Polarization-domain interference	$\leq 0.2$	1–18	Dual	No	No
[13]	Non-sliced BOS with two MPFs	$\leq 0.11$	8–16.5	Dual	No	No
	Non-sliced BOS with two MPFs	$\leq 0.11$	11.5–20
[14]	Silicon optical ring resonators	$\leq 0.1$	0.5–5	Dual	Yes	No
	Silicon optical ring resonators	$\leq 0.4$	0.5–35
[15]	InP-based MZI filter	$\leq 0.2$	5–15	Dual	Yes	No
[16]	Silicon Fano resonator	$\leq 0.5$	3–18	Dual	Yes	No
[17]	Few-mode fiber-based MPFs	$\leq 0.2$	0.5–17.5	Dual	No	No
[18]	Dispersion element and two modulators	$\leq 0.2$	1–20	Dual	No	No
	Dispersion element and two modulators	$\leq 0.025$	7–20
[19]	Silica waveguide chip with lock-in amplifier	$\leq 0.058$	8–9	Single	Yes	No
[20]	Co-axial cable time delay	–	10	Single	No	No
This work	Birefringence effect in PMF	$\leq 0.2$	2–5.5	Single	No	No

Abstract

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Equations (8)

Applied Optics