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Mode-division and spatial-division optical fiber sensors

Christophe Caucheteur, Joel Villatoro, Fu Liu, Médéric Loyez, Tuan Guo, and Jacques Albert

Open Access Open Access

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of mode-division and spatial-division optical fiber sensors, mainly encompassing interferometers and advanced fiber gratings. Compared with their single-mode counterparts, which have a very mature field with many highly successful commercial applications, multimodal configurations have developed more recently with advances in fiber device fabrication and novel mode control devices. Multimodal fiber sensors considerably widen the range of possible sensing modalities and provide opportunities for increased accuracy and performance in conventional fiber sensing applications. Recent progress in these areas is attested by sharp increases in the number of publications and a rise in technology readiness level. In this paper, we first review the fundamental operating principles of such multimodal optical fiber sensors. We then report on the theoretical formalism and simulation procedures that allow for the prediction of the spectral changes and sensing response of these sensors. Finally, we discuss some recent cutting-edge applications, mainly in the physical and (bio)chemical fields. This paper provides both a step-by-step guide relevant for non-specialists entering in the field and a comprehensive review of advanced techniques for more skilled practitioners.

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L. Liu, X. Zhang, Q. Zhu, K. Li, Y. Lu, X. Zhou, and T. Guo, “Ultrasensitive detection of endocrine disruptors via superfine plasmonic spectral combs,” Light Sci. Appl. 10, 181 (2021).
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R. Delgado-Macuil, K. González-León, and G. Beltrán-Pérez, “Neuropsin (Opn5) detection in the brain tissue of a murine model using long period fiber grating (LPFG),” Opt. Laser Technol. 139, 1–9 (2021).
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S. A. Alqarni, W. G. Willmore, J. Albert, and C. W. Smelser, “Self-monitored and optically powered fiber-optic device for localized hyperthermia and controlled cell death in vitro,” Appl. Opt. 60, 2400–2411 (2021).
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K. Yang, B. Liu, C. Liao, Y. Wang, Z. Cai, J. Tang, Y. Yang, and Y. Wang, “Highly localized point-by-point fiber Bragg grating for multi-parameter measurement,” J. Lightwave Technol. 39 , 6686–6690 (2021).
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K. Yao, Q. Lin, Z. Jiang, N. Zhao, B. Tian, and G. D. Peng, “Joint-peaks demodulation method based on multireflection peaks of a few-mode fiber Bragg grating for reducing sensing error,” Opt. Express 29, 4422–4430 (2021).
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Y. Yu, X. Zhang, K. Wang, Z. Wang, H. Sun, Y. Yang, C. Deng, Y. Huang, and T. Wang, “Coexistence of transmission mechanisms for independent multi-parameter sensing in a silica capillary-based cascaded structure,” Opt. Express 29, 27938–27950 (2021)..
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S. S. Cai, F. Liu, R. L. Wang, Y. G. Xiao, K. W. Li, C. Caucheteur, and T. Guo, “Narrow bandwidth fiber-optic spectral combs for renewable hydrogen detection,” Sci. China Inf. Sci. 63 , 222401 (2020).
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M. Lobry, M. Loyez, E. M. Hassan, K. Chah, M. C. DeRosa, E. Goormaghtigh, R. Wattiez, and C. Caucheteur, “Multimodal plasmonic optical fiber grating aptasensor,” Opt. Express 28, 7539 (2020).
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M. Lobry, D. Lahem, M. Loyez, M. Debliquy, K. Chah, M. David, and C. Caucheteur, “Non-enzymatic D-glucose plasmonic optical fiber grating biosensor,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 142, 111506 (2019).
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S. M. Tripathi, K. Dandapat, W. J. Bock, P. Mikulic, J. Perreault, and B. Sellamuthu, “Gold coated dual-resonance long-period fiber gratings (DR-LPFG) based aptasensor for cyanobacterial toxin detection,” Sens. Bio-Sensing Res. 25, 100289 (2019).
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J. Lao, L. Han, Z. Wu, X. Zhang, Y. Huang, Y. Tang, and T. Guo, “Gold nanoparticle-functionalized surface plasmon resonance optical fiber biosensor: in situ detection of thrombin with 1 nM detection limit,” J. Lightwave Technol. 37, 2748–2755 (2019).
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S. S. Cai, Á González-Vila, X. J. Zhang, T. Guo, and C. Caucheteur, “Palladium-coated plasmonic optical fiber gratings for hydrogen detection,” Opt. Lett. 44 , 4483–4486 (2019).
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A. Bekmurzayeva, K. Dukenbayev, M. Shaimerdenova, I. Bekniyazov, T. Ayupova, M. Sypabekova, C. Molardi, and D. Tosi, “Etched fiber Bragg grating biosensor functionalized with aptamers for detection of thrombin,” Sensors 18 , 4298 (2018).
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T. Kissinger, E. Chehura, S. E. Staines, S. W. James, and R. P. Tatam, “Dynamic fiber-optic shape sensing using fiber segment interferometry,” J. Lightwave Technol. 36, 917–925 (2018).
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K. A. Tomyshev, D. K. Tazhetdinova, E. S. Manuilovich, and O. V. Butov, “High-resolution fiber optic surface plasmon resonance sensor for biomedical applications,” J. Appl. Phys. 124, 113106 (2018).
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F. Liu, X. Tong, C. Zhang, C. Deng, Q. Xiong, Z. Zheng, and P. Wang, “Multi-peak detection algorithm based on the Hilbert transform for optical FBG sensing,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 45, 47–52 (2018).
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X. Zhang, S. Cai, F. Liu, H. Chen, P. Yan, Y. Yuan, T. Guo, and J. Albert, “In situ determination of the complex permittivity of ultrathin H2-infused palladium coatings for plasmonic fiber optic sensors in the near infrared,” J. Mater. Chem. C 6, 5161–5170 (2018).
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C. Zhang, T. Ning, J. Zheng, X. Gao, H. Lin, J. Li, L. Pei, and X. Wen, “Miniature optical fiber temperature sensor based on FMF-SCF structure,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 41, 217–221 (2018).
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Y. Li, H. Ma, L. Gan, Q. Liu, Z. Yan, D. Liu, and Q. Sun, “Immobilized optical fiber microprobe for selective and high sensitive glucose detection,” Sens. Actuators B 255, 3004–3010 (2018).
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P. Wang, H. Zhao, X. Wang, G. Farrell, and G. Brambilla, “A review of multimode interference in tapered optical fibers and related applications,” Sensors 18, 858 (2018).
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Y. Chunxia, D. Hui, D. Wei, and X. Chaowei, “Weakly-coupled multicore optical fiber taper-based high-temperature sensor,” Sens. Actuators A 280, 139–144 (2018).
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Z. Zhao, Z. Liu, M. Tang, S. Fu, L. Wang, N. Guo, C. Jin, H. Y. Tam, and C. Lu, “Robust in-fiber spatial interferometer using multicore fiber for vibration detection,” Opt. Express 26, 29629–29637 (2018).
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D. Barrera, J. Madrigal, and S. Sales, “Long period gratings in multicore optical fibers for directional curvature sensor implementation,” J. Lightwave Technol. 36, 1063–1068 (2018).
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Y. Zhao, C. Wang, G. Yin, B. Jiang, K. Zhou, C. Mou, Y. Liu, L. Zhang, and T. Wang, “Simultaneous directional curvature and temperature sensor based on a tilted few-mode fiber Bragg grating,” Appl. Opt. 57, 1671–1678 (2018).
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W. Jin, Y. Xu, Y. Jiang, Y. Wu, S. Yao, S. Xiao, Y. Qi, W. Ren, and S. Jian, “Strain and temperature characteristics of the LP11 mode based on a few-mode fiber Bragg grating and core-offset splicing,” Laser Phys. 28 , 025103 (2018).
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Y. Xu, G. Ren, Y. Jiang, Y. Gao, H. Li, W. Jin, Y. Wu, Y. Shen, and S. Jian, “Bending effect characterization of individual higher-order modes in few-mode fibers,” Opt. Lett. 42, 3343–3346 (2017).
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M. K. Annuar Zaini, Y.-S. Lee, K.-S. Lim, N. A. Mohd Nazal, M. H. Zohari, and H. Ahmad, “Axial stress profiling for few-mode fiber Bragg grating based on resonant wavelength shifts during etching process,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 34 , 1894–1898 (2017).
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D. Barrera, J. Madrigal, and S. Sales, “Tilted fiber Bragg gratings in multicore optical fibers for optical sensing,” Opt. Lett. 42, 1460–1463 (2017).
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D. Zheng, J. Madrigal, D. Barrera, S. Sales, and J. Capmany, “Microwave photonic filtering for interrogating FBG-based multicore fiber curvature sensor,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 29, 1707–1710 (2017).
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D. A. May-Arrioja and J. R. Guzman-Sepulveda, “Highly sensitive fiber optic refractive index sensor using multicore coupled structures,” J. Lightwave Technol. 35, 2695–2701 (2017).
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R. Wang, M. Tang, S. Fu, Z. Feng, W. Tong, and D. Liu, “Spatially arrayed long period gratings in multicore fiber by programmable electrical arc discharge,” IEEE Photonics J. 9, 4500310 (2017).
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P. S. Westbrook, T. Kremp, K. S. Feder, W. Ko, E. M. Monberg, H. Wu, D. A. Simoff, T. F. Taunay, and R. M. Ortiz, “Continuous multicore optical fiber grating arrays for distributed sensing applications,” J. Lightwave Technol. 35, 1248–1252 (2017).
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C. Zhang, T. Ning, J. Li, L. Pei, C. Li, and H. Lin, “Refractive index sensor based on tapered multicore fiber,” Opt. Fiber Technol. 33, 71–76 (2017).
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M. Arjmand, H. Saghafifar, M. Alijanianzadeh, and M. Soltanolkotabi, “A sensitive tapered-fiber optic biosensor for the label-free detection of organophosphate pesticides,” Sens. Actuators B 249, 523–532 (2017).
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Y. Sun, D. Liu, P. Lu, Q. Sun, W. Yang, S. Wang, L. Liu, and W. Ni, “High sensitivity optical fiber strain sensor using twisted multimode fiber based on SMS structure,” Opt. Commun. 405, 416–420 (2017).
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S. Dong, B. Dong, C. Yu, and Y. Guo, “High sensitivity optical fiber curvature sensor based on cascaded fiber interferometer,” J. Lightwave Technol. 36, 1125–1130 (2017).
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Z. Yan, Q. Sun, C. Wang, Z. Sun, C. Mou, K. Zhou, D. Liu, and L. Zhang, “Refractive index and temperature sensitivity characterization of excessively tilted fiber grating,” Opt. Express 25, 3336–3346 (2017).
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A. Theodosiou, A. Lacraz, A. Stassis, C. Koutsides, M. Komodromos, and K. Kalli, “Plane-by-plane femtosecond laser inscription method for single-peak Bragg gratings in multimode CYTOP polymer optical fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 35, 5404–5410 (2017).
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T. Guo, Á González-vila, M. Loyez, and C. Caucheteur, “Plasmonic optical fiber grating immunosensing: a review,” Sensors 17, 1–19 (2017).
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M. Shaimerdenova, A. Bekmurzayeva, M. Sypabekova, and D. Tosi, “Interrogation of coarsely sampled tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) sensors with KLT,” Opt. Express 25, 33487–33496 (2017).
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D. Ganziy, B. Rose, and O. Bang, “Compact multichannel high-resolution micro-electro-mechanical systems-based interrogator for Fiber Bragg grating sensing,” Appl. Opt. 56, 3622–3627 (2017).
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J. Villatoro, O. Arrizabalaga, G. Durana, I. Sáez de Ocáriz, E. Antonio-Lopez, J. Zubia, A. Schülzgen, and R. Amezcua-Correa, “Accurate strain sensing based on super-mode interference in strongly coupled multi-core optical fibres,” Sci. Rep. 7, 4451 (2017).
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A. Zamora-Gálvez, E. Morales-Narváez, C. C. Mayorga-Martinez, and A. Merkoçi, “Nanomaterials connected to antibodies and molecularly imprinted polymers as bio/receptors for bio/sensor applications,” Appl. Mater. Today 9, 387–401 (2017).
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M. Oliverio, S. Perotto, G. C. Messina, L. Lovato, and F. De Angelis, “Chemical functionalization of plasmonic surface biosensors: A tutorial review on issues, strategies, and costs,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 29394–29411 (2017).
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F. Chiavaioli, C. A. J. Gouveia, P. A. S. Jorge, and F. Baldini, “Towards a uniform metrological assessment of grating-based optical fiber sensors: from refractometers to biosensors,” Biosensors 7, 23 (2017).
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T. Yamanaka, H. Nakagawa, S. Tsubouchi, Y. Domi, T. Doi, T. Abe, and Z. Ogumi, “In situ Raman spectroscopic studies on concentration of electrolyte salt in lithium ion batteries by using ultrafine multifiber probes,” ChemSusChem 10 , 855–861 (2017).
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C. P. Grey and J. M. Tarascon, “Sustainability and in situ monitoring in battery development,” Nat. Mater. 16, 45–56 (2017).
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A. Raghavan, P. Kiesel, L. W. Sommer, J. Schwartz, A. Lochbaum, A. Hegyi, A. Schuh, K. Arakaki, B. Saha, A. Ganguli, K. H. Kim, C. Kim, H. J. Hah, S. kim, G.-O. Hwang, G.-C. Chung, B. Choi, and M. Alamgir, “Embedded fiber-optic sensing for accurate internal monitoring of cell state in advanced battery management systems part 1: cell embedding method and performance,” J. Power Sources 341, 466–473 (2017).
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A. Ganguli, B. Saha, A. Raghavan, P. Kiesel, K. Arakaki, A. Schuh, J. Schwartz, A. Hegyi, L. W. Sommer, A. Lochbaum, S. Sahu, and M. Alamgir, “Embedded fiber-optic sensing for accurate internal monitoring of cell state in advanced battery management systems part 2: internal cell signals and utility for state estimation,” J. Power Sources 341, 474–482 (2017).
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A. R. Ghannoum, P. Nieva, A. Yu, and A. Khajepour, “Development of embedded fiber-optic evanescent wave sensors for optical characterization of graphite anodes in lithium-ion batteries,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9 , 41284–41290 (2017).
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A. Fortier, M. Tsao, N. D. Williard, Y. Xing, and M. G. Pecht, “Preliminary study on integration of fiber optic Bragg grating sensors in li-ion batteries and in situ strain and temperature monitoring of battery cells,” Energies 10 , 838 (2017).
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X. Cheng and M. Pecht, “In situ stress measurement techniques on Li-ion battery electrodes: a review,” Energies 10, 591 (2017).
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Y. Chen, F. Tang, Y. Tang, M. J. O’Keefe, and G. Chen, “Mechanism and sensitivity of Fe-C coated long period fiber grating sensors for steel corrosion monitoring of RC structures,” Corros. Sci. 127, 70–81 (2017).
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X. Chen, F. Du, T. Guo, J. Lao, X. Zhang, Z. Zhang, F. Liu, J. Li, C. Chen, and B.-O. Guan, “Liquid crystal-embedded tilted fiber grating electric field intensity sensor,” J. Lightwave Technol. 35 , 3347–3353 (2017).
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J. Yin, S. Ruan, T. Liu, J. Jiang, S. Wang, H. Wei, and P. Yan, “All-fiber-optic vector magnetometer based on nano-magnetic fluids filled double-clad photonic crystal fiber,” Sens. Actuators B 238, 518–524 (2017).
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J. Yin, P. Yan, H. Chen, L. Yu, J. Jiang, M. Zhang, and S. Ruan, “All-fiber-optic vector magnetometer based on anisotropic magnetism-manipulation of ferromagnetism nanoparticles,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 110 , 231104 (2017).
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K. Shah, N. K. Sharma, and V. Sajal, “SPR based fiber optic sensor with bi layers of indium tin oxide and platinum: a theoretical evaluation,” Optik 135, 50–56 (2017).
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M. Janczuk-Richter, M. Dominik, E. Roźniecka, M. Koba, P. Mikulic, W. J. Bock, M. Łoś, M. Śmietana, and J. Niedziółka-Jönsson, “Long-period fiber grating sensor for detection of viruses,” Sens. Act. B 250, 32–38 (2017).
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Y. Zhang, F. Wang, S. Qian, Z. Liu, Q. Wang, Y. Gu, Z. Wu, Z. Jing, C. Sun, and W. Peng, “A novel fiber optic surface plasmon resonance biosensors with special boronic acid derivative to detect glycoprotein,” Sensors 17, 2259 (2017).
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C. Ribaut, M. Loyez, J. Larrieu, S. Chevineau, P. Lambert, M. Remmelink, R. Wattiez, and C. Caucheteur, “Cancer biomarker sensing using packaged plasmonic optical fiber gratings: towards in vivo diagnosis,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 92, 449–456 (2017).
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D. Daems, B. Peeters, F. Delport, T. Remans, J. Lammertyn, and D. Spasic, “Identification and quantification of celery allergens using fiber optic surface plasmon resonance PCR,” Sensors 17 , 1754 (2017).
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J. X. Dai, L. Zhu, G. P. Wang, F. Xiang, Y. H. Qin, M. Wang, and M. H. Yang, “Optical fiber grating hydrogen sensors: a review,” Sensors 17 , 577 (2017).
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P. Dimitriou and T. Tsujimura, “A review of hydrogen as a compression ignition engine fuel,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 42 , 24470–24486 (2017).
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Y. N. Zhang, H. Peng, X. Qian, Y. Zhang, G. An, and Y. Zhao, “Recent advancements in optical fiber hydrogen sensors,” Sens. Actuators, B 244, 393–416 (2017).
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2016 (24)

S. E. Hosseini and M. A. Wahid, “Hydrogen production from renewable and sustainable energy resources: promising green energy carrier for clean development,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 57, 850–866 (2016).
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R. Tabassum and B. D. Gupta, “Fiber optic hydrogen gas sensor utilizing surface plasmon resonance and native defects of zinc oxide by palladium,” J. Opt. 18 , 015004 (2016).
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I. Antohe, K. Schouteden, P. Goos, F. Delport, D. Spasic, and J. Lammertyn, “Thermal annealing of gold coated fiber optic surfaces for improved plasmonic biosensing,” Sens. Actu. B 229, 678–685 (2016).
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C. Ribaut, V. Voisin, V. Malachovská, V. Dubois, P. Mégret, R. Wattiez, and C. Caucheteur, “Small biomolecule immunosensing with plasmonic optical fiber grating sensor,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 77, 315–322 (2016).
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G. Quero, M. Consales, R. Severino, P. Vaiano, A. Boniello, A. Sandomenico, M. Ruvo, A. Borriello, L. Diodato, S. Zuppolini, M. Giordano, I. C. Nettore, C. Mazzarella, A. Colao, P. E. Macchia, F. Santorelli, A. Cutolo, and A. Cusano, “Long period fiber grating nano-optrode for cancer biomarker detection,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 80, 590–600 (2016).
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A. Baliyan, S. Sital, U. Tiwari, R. Gupta, and E. K. Sharma, “Long period fiber grating based sensor for the detection of triacylglycerides,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 79, 693–700 (2016).
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F. Shi, X. Bai, F. Wang, F. Pang, S. Pu, and X. Zeng, “All-fiber magnetic field sensor based on hollow optical fiber and magnetic fluid,” IEEE Sens. J. 17 , 619–622 (2016).
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Z. Zhang, T. Guo, X. Zhang, J. Xu, W. Xie, M. Nie, Q. Wu, B. O. Guan, and J. Albert, “Plasmonic fiber-optic vector magnetometer,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 108 , 101105 (2016).
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A. Czapla, W. J. Bock, T. R. Wolinski, P. Mikulic, E. Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki, and R. Dabrowski, “Improving the electric field sensing capabilities of the long-period fiber grating coated with a liquid crystal layer,” Opt. Express 24, 5662–5673 (2016).
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Y. Chen, F. Tang, Y. Bao, Y. Tang, and G. Chen, “A Fe-C coated long-period fiber grating sensor for corrosion-induced mass loss measurement,” Opt. Lett. 41, 2306–2309 (2016).
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Y. Yuan, T. Guo, X. Qiu, J. Tang, Y. Huang, L. Zhuang, S. Zhou, Z. Li, B. Guan, X. Zhang, and J. Albert, “Electrochemical surface plasmon resonance fiber-optic sensor: in-situ detection of electroactive biofilms,” Anal. Chem. 88, 7609–7616 (2016).
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S. Novais, M. Nascimento, L. Grande, M. F. Domingues, P. Antunes, N. Alberto, C. Leitao, R. Oliveira, S. Koch, G. T. Kim, S. Passerini, and J. Pinto, “Internal and external temperature monitoring of a Li-ion battery with fiber Bragg grating sensors,” Sensors 16 , 1394 (2016).
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Y. Liu and J. Yu, “Oriented immobilization of proteins on solid supports for use in biosensors and biochips: a review,” Microchim. Acta 183, 1–19 (2016).
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D. Feng, X. Qiao, and J. Albert, “Off-axis ultraviolet-written fiber Bragg gratings for directional bending measurements,” Opt. Lett. 41, 1201–1204 (2016).
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X. Rosello-Mecho, M. Delgado-Pinar, A. Diez, and M. V. Andres, “Measurement of Pockels’ coefficients and demonstration of the anisotropy of the elasto-optic effect in optical fibers under axial strain,” Opt. Lett. 41, 2934–2937 (2016).
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T. Osuch, T. Jurek, K. Markowski, and K. Jedrzejewski, “Simultaneous measurement of liquid level and temperature using tilted fiber Bragg grating,” IEEE Sens. J. 16, 1205–1209 (2016).
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P. Kisala, D. Harasim, and J. Mroczka, “Temperature-insensitive simultaneous rotation and displacement (bending) sensor based on tilted fiber Bragg grating,” Opt. Express 24, 29922–29929 (2016).
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C. Caucheteur, T. Guo, F. Liu, B.-O. Guan, and J. Albert, “Ultrasensitive plasmonic sensing in air using optical fibre spectral combs,” Nat. Commun. 7, 13371 (2016).
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K. Saitoh and S. Matsuo, “Multicore fiber technology,” J. Lightwave Technol. 34, 55–66 (2016).
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J. Villatoro, A. Van Newkirk, E. Antonio-Lopez, J. Zubia, A. Schülzgen, and R. Amezcua-Correa, “Ultrasensitive vector bending sensor based on multicore optical fiber,” Opt. Lett. 41, 832–835 (2016).
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T. Sakamoto, T. Mori, M. Wada, T. Yamamoto, F. Yamamoto, and K. Nakajima, “Fiber twisting- and bending-induced adiabatic/nonadiabatic super-mode transition in coupled multicore fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol. 34, 1228–1237 (2016).
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Z. Yan, H. Wang, C. Wang, Z. Sun, G. Yin, K. Zhou, Y. Wang, W. Zhao, and L. Zhang, “Theoretical and experimental analysis of excessively tilted fiber gratings,” Opt. Express 24, 12107–12115 (2016).
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L. Gan, R. Wang, D. Liu, L. Duan, S. Liu, S. Fu, B. Li, Z. Feng, H. Wei, W. Tong, P. Shum, and M. Tang, “Spatial-division multiplexed Mach–Zehnder interferometers in heterogeneous multicore fiber for multiparameter measurement,” IEEE Photonics J. 8, 1–8 (2016).
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M. Becker, A. Lorenz, T. Elsmann, I. Latka, A. Schwuchow, S. Dochow, R. Spittel, J. Kobelke, J. Bierlich, K. Schuster, M. Rothhardt, and H. Bartelt, “Single-mode multicore fibers with integrated Bragg filters,” J. Lightwave Technol. 34, 4572–4578 (2016).
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2015 (24)

F. Y. Chan, G. Mudhana, and P. Shum, “Comparison of bandwidth and sensitivity of long-period gratings in single-mode and few-mode fibers,” Appl. Opt. 54, 6558–6565 (2015).
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L. Wang and S. LaRochelle, “Design of eight-mode polarization-maintaining few-mode fiber for multiple-input multiple-output-free spatial division multiplexing,” Opt. Lett. 40, 5846–5849 (2015).
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C. Caucheteur, T. Guo, and J. Albert, “Review of plasmonic fiber optic biochemical sensors: improving the limit of detection,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 407, 3883–3897 (2015).
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A. Van Newkirk, J. E. Antonio-Lopez, G. Salceda-Delgado, M. U. Piracha, R. Amezcua-Correa, and A. Schulzgen, “Multicore fiber sensors for simultaneous measurement of force and temperature,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 27, 1523–1526 (2015).
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A. V. Newkirk, J. E. Antonio-Lopez, A. Velazquez-Benitez, J. Albert, R. Amezcua-Correa, and A. Schulzgen, “Bending sensor combining multicore fiber with a mode-selective photonic lantern,” Opt. Lett. 40, 5188–5191 (2015).
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M. S. Yoon, S. B. Lee, and Y. G. Han, “In-line interferometer based on intermodal coupling of a multicore fiber,” Opt. Express 23, 18316–18322 (2015).
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A. Radosavljević, A. Daničić, J. Petrovic, A. Maluckov, and L. Hadžievski, “Coherent light propagation through multicore optical fibers with linearly coupled cores,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 32 , 2520–2527 (2015).
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W. Ren, Z. Tan, and G. Ren, “Analytical formulation of supermodes in multicore fibers with hexagonally distributed cores,” IEEE Photon. J. 7, 7100311 (2015).
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X. Q. Lei, Y. T. Yu, W. J. Feng, B. J. Peng, and X. D. Li, “A novel fiber temperature sensor with liquid-crystal filled SM-NC-SM structure,” J. Optoelectron. Laser 26, 2278–2282 (2015).
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H. Luo, Q. Sun, X. Li, Z. Yan, Y. Li, D. Liu, and L. Zhang, “Refractive index sensitivity characteristics near the dispersion turning point of the multimode microfiber-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” Opt. Lett. 40, 5042–5045 (2015).
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I. Hernández-Romano, D. Monzón-Hernández, C. Moreno-Hernández, D. Moreno-Hernandez, and J. Villatoro, “Highly sensitive temperature sensor based on a polymer-coated microfiber interferometer,” IEEE Photonics Techn. Lett. 27, 2591–2594 (2015).
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W. Zhou, D. J. Mandia, S. T. Barry, and J. Albert, “Absolute near-infrared refractometry with a calibrated tilted fiber Bragg grating,” Opt. Lett. 40, 1713 (2015).
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D. Feng, W. Zhou, X. Qiao, and J. Albert, “Compact optical fiber 3D shape sensor based on a pair of orthogonal tilted fiber Bragg gratings,” Sci. Rep. 5, 17415 (2015).
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D. J. Mandia, W. Zhou, J. Albert, and S. T. Barry, “CVD on optical fibers: tilted fiber Bragg gratings as real-time sensing platforms,” Chem. Vap. Depos. 21, 4–20 (2015).
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D. J. Mandia, W. Zhou, M. J. Ward, H. Joress, J. J. Sims, J. B. Giorgi, J. Albert, and S. T. Barry, “The effect of ALD-grown Al2O3 on the refractive index sensitivity of CVD gold-coated optical fiber sensors,” Nanotechnology 26, 434002 (2015).
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M. M. Tefelska, T. R. Wolinski, S. Ertman, K. Milenko, R. Laczkowski, A. Siarkowska, and A. W. Domanski, “Electric field sensing with photonic liquid crystal fibers based on micro-electrodes systems,” J. Lightwave Technol. 33, 2405–2411 (2015).
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J. Yang, L. Zhou, J. Huang, C. Tao, X. Li, and W. Chen, “Sensitivity enhancing of transition mode long-period fiber grating as methane sensor using high refractive index polycarbonate/cryptophane A overlay deposition,” Sens. Act B 207, 477–480 (2015).
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B. Luo, Z. Yan, Z. Sun, Y. Liu, M. Zhao, and L. Zhang, “Biosensor based on excessively tilted fiber grating in thin-cladding optical fiber for sensitive and selective detection of low glucose concentration,” Opt. Express 23, 32429 (2015).
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F. Chiavaioli, P. Biswas, C. Trono, S. Jana, S. Bandyopadhyay, N. Basumallick, A. Giannetti, S. Tombelli, S. Bera, A. Mallick, and F. Baldini, “Sol-gel-based titania-silica thin film overlay for long period fiber grating-based biosensors,” Anal. Chem. 87, 12024–12031 (2015).
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L. Coelho, J. M. M. M. de Almeida, J. L. Santos, and D. Viegas, “Fiber optic hydrogen sensor based on an etched Bragg grating coated with palladium,” Appl. Opt. 54 , 10342–10348 (2015).
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Y. H. Yang, F. L. Yang, H. Wang, W. Yang, and W. Jin, “Temperature-insensitive hydrogen sensor with polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fiber-based Sagnac interferometer,” J. Light. Technol 33 , 2566–2571 (2015).
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R. J. Colchester, E. Z. Zhang, C. A. Mosse, P. C. Beard, I. Papakonstantinou, and A. E. Desjardins, “Broadband miniature optical ultrasound probe for high resolution vascular tissue imaging,” Biomed. Opt. Express 6, 1502 (2015).
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Z. P. Yu, L. Jin, L. H. Chen, J. Li, Y. Ran, and B. O. Guan, “Microfiber Bragg grating hydrogen sensors,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 27 , 2575–2578 (2015).
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2014 (19)

A. Hosoki, M. Nishiyama, H. Igawa, A. Seki, and K. Watanabe, “A hydrogen curing effect on surface plasmon resonance fiber optic hydrogen sensors using an annealed Au/Ta2O5/Pd multi-layers film,” Opt. Express 22 , 18556–18563 (2014).
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Y. Shevchenko, G. Camci-Unal, D. F. Cuttica, M. R. Dokmeci, J. Albert, and A. Khademhosseini, “Surface plasmon resonance fiber sensor for real-time and label-free monitoring of cellular behavior,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 56, 359–367 (2014).
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K. J. Huang, Y. J. Liu, H. B. Wang, T. Gan, Y. M. Liu, and L. L. Wang, “Signal amplification for electrochemical DNA biosensor based on two-dimensional graphene analogue tungsten sulfide-graphene composites and gold nanoparticles,” Sens. Act. B 191, 828–836 (2014).
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V. Voisin, J. Pilate, P. Damman, P. Mégret, and C. Caucheteur, “Highly sensitive detection of molecular interactions with plasmonic optical fiber grating sensors,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 51, 249–254 (2014).
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S. Lépinay, A. Ianoul, and J. Albert, “Molecular imprinted polymer-coated optical fiber sensor for the identification of low molecular weight molecules,” Talanta 128, 401–407 (2014).
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S. Lepinay, A. Staff, A. Ianoul, and J. Albert, “Improved detection limits of protein optical fiber biosensors coated with gold nanoparticles,” Biosens. Bioelectron. 52, 337–344 (2014).
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C. Shen, W. Zhou, and J. Albert, “Polarization-resolved evanescent wave scattering from gold-coated tilted fiber gratings,” Opt. Express 22, 5277 (2014).
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C. Shen, L. Xiong, A. Bialiayeu, Y. Zhang, and J. Albert, “Polarization-resolved near- and far-field radiation from near-infrared tilted fiber Bragg gratings,” J. Lightwave Technol. 32, 2157–2162 (2014).
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J.-M. Renoirt, M. Debliquy, J. Albert, A. Ianoul, and C. Caucheteur, “Surface plasmon resonances in oriented silver nanowire coatings on optical fibers,” J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 11035–11042 (2014).
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B. Gu, W. Qi, Y. Zhou, Z. Wu, P. P. Shum, and F. Luan, “Reflective liquid level sensor based on modes conversion in thin-core fiber incorporating tilted fiber Bragg grating,” Opt. Express 22, 11834–11839 (2014).
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D. Yang, L. Du, Z. Xu, Y. Jiang, J. Xu, M. Wang, Y. Bai, and H. Wang, “Magnetic field sensing based on tilted fiber Bragg grating coated with nanoparticle magnetic fluid,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 104 , 061903 (2014).
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S. Dong, S. Pu, and H. Wang, “Magnetic field sensing based on magnetic-fluid-clad fiber-optic structure with taper-like and lateral-offset fusion splicing,” Opt. Express 22 , 19108–19116 (2014).
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V. Voisin, C. Caucheteur, P. Mégret, and J. Albert, “Anomalous effective strain-optic constants of nonparaxial optical fiber mode,” Opt. Lett. 39, 578 (2014).
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H. J. W. M. Hoekstra and M. Hammer, “General relation for group delay and the relevance of group delay for refractometric sensing,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 31, 1561–1567 (2014).
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M. Kumar, A. Kumar, and S. M. Tripathi, “A comparison of temperature sensing characteristics of SMS structures using step and graded index multimode fibers,” Opt. Commun. 312, 222–226 (2014).
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Q. Wu, M. Yang, J. Yuan, H. P. Chan, Y. Ma, Y. Semenova, P. Wang, C. Yu, and G. Farrell, “The use of a bend singlemode-multimode-singlemode (SMS) fibre structure for vibration sensing,” Opt. Laser Technol. 63, 29–33 (2014).
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J. E. Antonio-Lopez, Z. S. Eznaveh, P. LiKamWa, A. Schülzgen, and R. Amezcua-Correa, “Multicore fiber sensor for high-temperature applications up to 1000 °C,” Opt. Lett. 39, 4309–4312 (2014).
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W. Zhou, D. J. Mandia, M. B. E. Griffiths, S. T. Barry, and J. Albert, “Effective permittivity of ultrathin chemical vapor deposited gold films on optical fibers at infrared wavelengths,” J. Phys. Chem. C 118, 670–678 (2014).
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W. Zhou, D. J. Mandia, S. T. Barry, and J. Albert, “Anisotropic effective permittivity of an ultrathin gold coating on optical fiber in air, water and saline solutions,” Opt. Express 22, 31665–31676 (2014).
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2013 (16)

J. Albert, L.-Y. Shao, and C. Caucheteur, “Tilted fiber Bragg grating sensors,” Laser Photonics Rev. 7, 83–108 (2013).
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M. Z. Alam and J. Albert, “Selective excitation of radially and azimuthally polarized optical fiber cladding modes,” J. Lightwave Technol. 31, 3167–3175 (2013).
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Y. Geng, X. Li, X. Tan, Y. Deng, and Y. Yu, “In-line flat-top comb filter based on a cascaded all-solid photonic bandgap fiber intermodal interferometer,” Opt. Express 21, 17352–17358 (2013).
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A. M. Hatta, H. E. Permana, H. Setijono, A. Kusumawardhani, and Sekartedjo, “Strain measurement based on SMS fiber structure sensor and OTDR,” Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett. 55, 2576–2578 (2013).
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A. M. Hatta, K. Indriawati, T. Bestariyan, T. Humada, and Sekartedjo, “SMS fiber structure for temperature measurement using an OTDR,” Photonic Sens. 3, 262–266 (2013).
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Y. Zhang, X. Tian, L. Xue, Q. Zhang, L. Yang, and B. Zhu, “Super-high sensitivity of fiber temperature sensor based on leaky-mode bent SMS structure,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25, 560–563 (2013).
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W. Lin, Y. Miao, H. Zhang, B. Liu, Y. Liu, and B. Song, “Fiber-optic in-line magnetic field sensor based on the magnetic fluid and multimode interference effects,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 103(15), 151101 (2013).
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G. Yang, C. Leitão, Y. Li, J. Pinto, and X. Jiang, “Real-time temperature measurement with fiber Bragg sensors in lithium batteries for safety usage,” Measurement 46 , 3166–3172 (2013).
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R. Q. Lv, Y. Zhao, D. Wang, and Q. Wang, “Magnetic fluid-filled optical fiber Fabry-Pérot sensor for magnetic field measurement,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 26 , 217–219 (2013).
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A. K. Trilling, J. Beekwilder, and H. Zuilhof, “Antibody orientation on biosensor surfaces: a minireview,” Analyst 138, 1619–1627 (2013).
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W. Zhou, D. J. Mandia, M. B. E. Griffiths, A. Bialiayeu, Y. Zhang, P. G. Gordon, S. T. Barry, and J. Albert, “Polarization-dependent properties of the cladding modes of single mode fiber covered with gold nanoparticles,” Opt. Express 21, 245–255 (2013).
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D. J. Mandia, M. B. E. Griffiths, W. Zhou, P. G. Gordon, J. Albert, and S. T. Barry, “In situ deposition monitoring by a tilted fiber Bragg grating optical probe: probing nucleation in chemical vapour deposition of gold,” Phys. Procedia 46, 12–20 (2013).
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J. M. Renoirt, C. Zhang, M. Debliquy, M. G. Olivier, P. Megret, and C. Caucheteur, “High-refractive-index transparent coatings enhance the optical fiber cladding modes refractometric sensitivity,” Opt. Express 21, 29073–29082 (2013).
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W. Lin, Y. Miao, H. Zhang, B. Liu, Y. Liu, B. Song, and J. Wu, “Two-dimensional magnetic field vector sensor based on tilted fiber Bragg grating and magnetic fluid,” J. Lightwave Technol. 31 , 2599–2605 (2013).
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C. Perrotton, R. J. Westerwaal, N. Javahiraly, M. Slaman, H. Schreuders, B. Dam, and P. Meyrueis, “A reliable, sensitive and fast optical fiber hydrogen sensor based on surface plasmon resonance,” Opt. Express 21 , 382–390 (2013).
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S. Silva, L. Coelho, J. M. Almeida, O. Frazao, J. L. Santos, F. X. Malcata, M. Becker, M. Rothhardt, and H. Bartelt, “H2 sensing based on a Pd-coated tapered-FBG fabricated by DUV femtosecond laser technique,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 25 , 401–403 (2013).
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2012 (6)

L. Gao, T. Zhu, M. Deng, K. S. Chiang, X. Sun, X. Dong, and Y. Hou, “Long-period fiber grating within D-shaped fiber using magnetic fluid for magnetic-field detection,” IEEE Photonics J. 4 , 2095–2104 (2012).
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Y. Miao, K. Zhang, B. Liu, W. Lin, H. Zhang, Y. Lu, and J. Yao, “Ferrofluid-infiltrated microstructured optical fiber long-period grating,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 25 , 306–309 (2012).
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A. Bialiayeu, A. Bottomley, D. Prezgot, A. Ianoul, and J. Albert, “Plasmon-enhanced refractometry using silver nanowire coating on tilted fiber Bragg gratings,” Nanotechnology 23, 444012 (2012).
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G. Salceda-Delgado, D. Monzon-Hernandez, A. Martinez-Rios, G. A. Cardenas-Sevilla, and J. Villatoro, “Optical microfiber mode interferometer for temperature-independent refractometric sensing,” Opt. Lett. 37, 1974–1976 (2012).
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J. P. Moore and M. D. Rogge, “Shape sensing using multi-core fiber optic cable and parametric curve solutions,” Opt. Express 20, 2967–2973 (2012).
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J. U. Thomas, N. Jovanovic, R. G. Krämer, G. D. Marshall, S. Nolte, and M. J. Steel, “Cladding mode coupling in highly localized fiber Bragg gratings II: complete vectorial analysis,” Opt. Express 20 , 21434–21449 (2012).
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2011 (9)

J. U. Thomas, N. Jovanovic, R. G. Becker, G. D. Marshall, M. J. Withford, A. Tünnermann, S. Nolte, and M. J. Steel, “Cladding mode coupling in highly localized fiber Bragg gratings: modal properties and transmission spectra,” Opt. Express 19 , 325–341 (2011).
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P. Wang, G. Brambilla, M. Ding, Y. Semenova, Q. Wu, and G. Farrell, “Investigation of single-mode–multimode–single-mode and single-mode–tapered-multimode–single-mode fiber structures and their application for refractive index sensing,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 28, 1180–1186 (2011).
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L. Y. Shao, J. P. Coyle, S. T. Barry, and J. Albert, “Anomalous permittivity and plasmon resonances of copper nanoparticle conformal coatings on optical fibers,” Opt. Mater. Express 1, 128–137 (2011).
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A. Bialiayeu, C. Caucheteur, N. Ahamad, A. Ianoul, and J. Albert, “Self-optimized metal coating for fiber plasmonics by electroless deposition,” Opt. Express 19, 18742–18753 (2011).
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S. Mathews, G. Farrell, and Y. Semenova, “Liquid crystal infiltrated photonic crystal fibers for electric field intensity measurements,” Appl. Opt. 50, 2628–2635 (2011).
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I. P. Johnson, W. Yuan, A. Stefani, K. Nielsen, H. K. Rasmussen, L. Khan, D. J. Webb, K. Kalli, and O. Bang, “Optical fibre Bragg grating recorded in TOPAS cyclic olefin copolymer,” Electron. Lett. 47, 271–272 (2011).
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T. Hübert, L. Boon-Brett, G. Black, and U. Banach, “Hydrogen sensors - a review,” Sens. Act. B 157 , 329–352 (2011).
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W. J. Buttner, M. B. Post, R. Burgess, and C. Rivkin, “An overview of hydrogen safety sensors and requirements,” Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 36 , 2462–2470 (2011).
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Y. Shevchenko, T. J. Francis, D. A. D. Blair, R. Walsh, M. C. DeRosa, and J. Albert, “In situ biosensing with a surface plasmon resonance fiber grating aptasensor,” Anal. Chem. 83, 7027–7034 (2011).
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2010 (8)

L. Shao, L. Xiong, C. Chen, A. Laronche, and J. Albert, “Directional bend sensor based on re-grown tilted fiber Bragg grating,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28 , 2681–2687 (2010).
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M. M. Bilek and D. R. McKenzie, “Plasma modified surfaces for covalent immobilization of functional biomolecules in the absence of chemical linkers: towards better biosensors and a new generation of medical implants,” Biophys. Rev. 2, 55–65 (2010).
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R. X. Gao, Q. Wang, F. Zhao, B. Meng, and S. L. Qu, “Optimal design and fabrication of SMS fiber temperature sensor for liquid,” Opt. Commun. 283, 3149–3152 (2010).
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A. M. Hatta, Y. Semenova, G. Rajan, P. Wang, J. Zheng, and G. Farrell, “Analysis of temperature dependence for a ratiometric wavelength measurement system using SMS fiber structure based edge filters,” Opt. Commun. 283, 1291–1295 (2010).
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Q. Wu, Y. Semenova, A. M. Hatta, P. Wang, and G. Farrell, “Bent SMS fibre structure for temperature measurement,” Electron. Lett. 46, 1129–1130 (2010).
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T. Claes, W. Bogaerts, and P. Bienstman, “Experimental characterization of a silicon photonic biosensor consisting of two cascaded ring resonators based on the Vernier-effect and introduction of a curve fitting method for an improved detection limit,” Opt. Express 18 , 22747–22761 (2010).
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I. Del Villar, C. R. Zamarreno, M. Hernaez, F. J. Arregui, and I. R. Matias, “Lossy mode resonance generation with indium-tin-oxide-coated optical fibers for sensing applications,” J. Lightwave Technol. 28, 111–117 (2010).
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D. Villar, C. R. Zamarreño, P. Sanchez, M. Hernaez, C. F. Valdivielso, F. J. Arregui, and I. R. Matias, “Generation of lossy mode resonances by deposition of high-refractive-index coatings on uncladded multimode optical fibers,” J. Opt. 12, 095503 (2010).
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2009 (1)

M. L. Sham, J. Li, P. C. Ma, and J. K. Kim, “Cleaning and functionalization of polymer surfaces and nanoscale carbon fillers by UV/ozone treatment: a review,” J. Compos. Mater. 43, 1537–1564 (2009).
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2008 (5)

J. Canning, “Fibre gratings and devices for sensors and lasers,” Laser Photon. Rev. 2, 275–289 (2008).
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C. Caucheteur, M. Debliquy, D. Lahem, and P. Mégret, “Hybrid fiber gratings coated with a catalytic sensitive layer for hydrogen sensing in air,” Opt. Express 16, 16854–16859 (2008).
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Q. Wang, G. Farrell, and W. Yan, “Investigation on single-mode–multimode–single-mode fiber structure,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26, 512–519 (2008).
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Y.-C. Lu, L. Yang, W.-P. Huang, and S.-S. Jian, “Improved full-vector finite-difference complex mode solver for optical waveguides of circular symmetry,” J. Lightwave Technol. 26(13), 1868–1876 (2008).
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A. Fender, W. N. MacPherson, R. R. J. Maier, J. S. Barton, D. S. George, R. I. Howden, G. W. Smith, B. J. S. Jones, S. McCulloch, X. Chen, R. Suo, L. Zhang, and I. Bennion, “Two-axis temperature-insensitive accelerometer based on multicore fiber Bragg gratings,” IEEE Sens. J 8, 1292–1298 (2008).
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2007 (2)

C. Caucheteur, S. Bette, R. Garcia-Olcina, M. Wuilpart, S. Sales, J. Capmany, and P. Mégret, “Transverse strain measurements using the birefringence effect in fiber Bragg gratings,” Photon. Technol. Lett. 19 , 966–968 (2007).
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R. T. Schermer and J. H. Cole, “Improved bend loss formula verified for optical fiber by simulation and experiment,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 43, 899–909 (2007).
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2006 (2)

K. Zhou, L. Zhang, X. Chen, and I. Bennion, “Low thermal sensitivity grating devices based on ex-45° tilting structure capable of forward-propagating cladding modes coupling,” J. Lightwave Technol. 24, 5087–5094 (2006).
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Y. Jung, S. Kim, D. Lee, and K. Oh, “Compact three segmented multimode fibre modal interferometer for high sensitivity refractive-index measurement,” Meas. Sci. Technol. 17, 1129 (2006).
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2005 (1)

S. D. Dyer, P. A. Williams, R. J. Espejo, J. D. Kofler, and S. M. Etzel, “Fundamental limits in fiber Bragg grating peak wavelength measurements (invited paper),” Proc. SPIE 5855, 88–93 (2005).
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2004 (1)

A. Martinez, M. Dubov, I. Khrushchev, and I. Bennion, “Direct writing of fibre Bragg gratings by femtosecond laser,” Electron. Lett. 40 , 1170–1172 (2004).
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2003 (4)

A. Dragomir, D. N. Nikogosyan, K. A. Zagorulko, P. G. Kryukov, and E. M. Dianov, “Inscription of fiber Bragg gratings by ultraviolet femtosecond radiation,” Opt. Lett. 28, 2171–2173 (2003).
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S. J. Mihailov, C. W. Smelser, P. Lu, R. B. Walker, D. G. H. Ding, G. Henderson, and J. Unruh, “Fiber Bragg gratings made with a phase mask and 800-nm femtosecond radiation,” Opt. Lett. 28, 995–997 (2003).
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2000 (1)

1999 (4)

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1998 (2)

J. Albert, “Permanent photoinduced refractive-index changes for Bragg gratings in silicate glass waveguides and fiber,” MRS Bull. 23 , 36–41 (1998).
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1993 (3)

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1989 (2)

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S. A. Alqarni, W. G. Willmore, J. Albert, and C. W. Smelser, “Self-monitored and optically powered fiber-optic device for localized hyperthermia and controlled cell death in vitro,” Appl. Opt. 60, 2400–2411 (2021).
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D. Feng, J. Albert, Y. Hou, B. Jiang, Y. Jiang, Y. Ma, and J. Zhao, “Co-located angularly offset fiber Bragg grating pair for temperature-compensated unambiguous 3D shape sensing,” Appl. Opt. 60 , 4185–4189 (2021).
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M. Loyez, E. M. Hassan, M. Lobry, F. Liu, C. Caucheteur, R. Wattiez, M. C. DeRosa, W. G. Willmore, and J. Albert, “Rapid detection of circulating breast cancer cells using a multiresonant optical fiber aptasensor with plasmonic amplification,” ACS Sens. 5, 454–463 (2020).
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C. Shen, D. Liu, X. Lian, T. Lang, C. Zhao, Y. Semenova, and J. Albert, “Microfluidic flow direction and rate vector sensor based on a partially gold-coated TFBG,” Opt. Lett. 45, 2776–2779 (2020).
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J. Koppert, H. Jean-Ruel, D. O’Neill, C. Harder, W. Willmore, A. Ianoul, and J. Albert, “Self-heating tilted fiber Bragg grating device for melt curve analysis of solid-phase DNA hybridization and thermal cycling,” Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 411, 6813–6823 (2019).
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