Advances in Raman spectroscopy and imaging for biomedical research

Soumik Siddhanta; Andrey N. Kuzmin; Artem Pliss; Alexander S. Baev; Sunil K. Khare; Pramit K. Chowdhury; Ashok K. Ganguli; Ashok K. Ganguli; Paras N. Prasad

doi:10.1364/AOP.479884

Advances in Optics and Photonics
Vol. 15,
Issue 2,
pp. 318-384
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.479884

Advances in Raman spectroscopy and imaging for biomedical research

Soumik Siddhanta, Andrey N. Kuzmin, Artem Pliss, Alexander S. Baev, Sunil K. Khare, Pramit K. Chowdhury, Ashok K. Ganguli, and Paras N. Prasad

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Soumik Siddhanta, Andrey N. Kuzmin, Artem Pliss, Alexander S. Baev, Sunil K. Khare, Pramit K. Chowdhury, Ashok K. Ganguli, and Paras N. Prasad, "Advances in Raman spectroscopy and imaging for biomedical research," Adv. Opt. Photon. 15, 318-384 (2023)

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Abstract

Starting with a historical account of evolution in Raman spectroscopy, in this review we provide details of the advancements that have pushed detection limits to single molecules and enabled non-invasive molecular characterization of distinct organelles to provide next-generation bioanalytical assays and ultrasensitive molecular and cellular diagnostics. Amidst a growing number of publications in recent years, there is an unmet need for a consolidated review that discusses salient aspects of Raman spectroscopy that are broadly applicable in biosensing ranging from fundamental biology to disease identification and staging, to drug screening and food and agriculture quality control. This review offers a discussion across this range of applications and focuses on the convergent use of Raman spectroscopy, coupling it to bioanalysis, agriculture, and food quality control, which can affect human life through biomedical research, drug discovery, and disease diagnostics. We also highlight how the potent combination of advanced spectroscopy and machine-learning algorithms can further advance Raman data analysis, leading to the emergence of an optical Omics discipline, coined “Ramanomics.” Finally, we present our perspectives on future needs and opportunities.

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Parameter	Description	Calculation Method
1	Weight of proteins (mg/ml)	Least-squares deconvolution of Raman spectrum. Calibrated for a set of concentrations of protein species.
2	Weight of DNA (mg/ml)	Least-squares deconvolution of Raman spectrum. Calibrated for a set of concentrations of DNA species.
3	Weight of rRNA (mg/ml)	Least-squares deconvolution of Raman spectrum. Calibrated for a set of concentrations of RNA species.
4	Weight of mRNA (mg/ml)	Least-squares deconvolution of Raman spectrum. Calibrated for a set of concentrations of RNA species.
5	Weight of glycogen (mg/ml)	Least-squares deconvolution of Raman spectrum. Calibrated for a set of concentrations of glycogen species.
6	Weight of phospholipids	Least-squares deconvolution of Raman spectrum. Calibrated for a set of concentrations of phospholipids species.
7	Weight of choline (mg/ml)	Calculated from the peak at 717–719 cm⁻¹ of the phospholipid spectrum and calibrated to that of pure DOPC at 20 mg/mL
8	Weight of cholesterol (mg/ml)	Calculated from the peak at 701 cm⁻¹ of the lipid spectrum and calibrated to that of cholesteryl ester at 20 mg/mL
9	Weight of sphingomyelins (mg/ml)	Least-squares deconvolution of Raman spectrum of cytoplasm organelles.
10	Weight of triglycerides (mg/ml)	Least-squares deconvolution of Raman spectrum
11	Average number of C=C (unsaturated) bonds	Ratio of areas of two specific spectral bands of organellar phospholipid spectrum at 1655 cm⁻¹, assigned to the C=C stretching mode, which is proportional to the number of unsaturated C=C bonds, and at 1443 cm⁻¹, assigned to the CH₂ scissoring/bending modes, which is proportional to the number of saturated C–C bonds [192]. Calibrated for a number of phospholipid species.
12	Trans/cis-isomer ratio of phospholipid	The ratio of the peaks at 1666 and 1655 cm⁻¹ of the organellar phospholipids spectrum. Represents the ratio of trans- to cis-carbon–carbon bonds in lipid species [192]. Calibrated for a number of phospholipid species.
13	Average number of carbon atoms in phospholipids (in hydrophobic carbon chains) in probed volume.	The ratio of the peaks at 1740 and 1443 cm⁻¹ of the phospholipids spectrum. Referred to the length of carbon chain in phospholipid species. Calibrated for a number of phospholipid species [193].

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Equations (15)

Advances in Optics and Photonics