Optical properties of black phosphorus

Xiaomu Wang; Shoufeng Lan

doi:10.1364/AOP.8.000618

Advances in Optics and Photonics
Vol. 8,
Issue 4,
pp. 618-655
(2016)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/AOP.8.000618

Optical properties of black phosphorus

Xiaomu Wang and Shoufeng Lan

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Xiaomu Wang and Shoufeng Lan, "Optical properties of black phosphorus," Adv. Opt. Photon. 8, 618-655 (2016)

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Abstract

Black phosphorus is a newly rising layered material with tremendous and intriguing physical, chemical, and electronic properties. Recently, it was reintroduced into the community from the perspective of two-dimensional (2D) materials, showing excellent carrier mobility, strong light–matter interactions in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) range, and unique anisotropic physical properties. These features are beyond the existing 2D materials in terms of bandgap range and mobility/bandgap trade-off, making it possible to bridge the application gaps ranging from mid-IR photonics to high-performance field-effect devices. In this paper, we review the status and perspectives of the optical properties of black phosphorus, with a particular emphasis on their broadband tunable bandgap and anisotropic optical properties. We began with a brief introduction on the history, synthesis, crystal/band structures, and basic physical properties of black phosphorus. In Section 3, we discuss the optical properties of black phosphorus, including comparison of the electronic-excitation-induced versus phonon-excitation-induced optical properties, linear versus nonlinear absorption, and static versus dynamic photoresponse, as well as the quasi-particle effect versus the effect. After that, we exemplify typical black phosphorus photonic devices in Section 4. We highlight recent progress in photodetectors covering mid-IR and terahertz wavelength, ultrafast $Q$ -switching and mode-locking pulse lasers and nanophotonic devices. Finally, we present a summary and outlook of black phosphorus regarding current challenges and future application opportunities in Section 5.

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$a$	0.4374 nm	Lattice constants in orthorhombic system
$b$	0.33133 nm
$c$	1.0473 nm
$u$	0.00806	Crystal structural parameters
$v$	0.01034	Crystal structural parameters
$d_{1}$	0.2222 nm	Bond length
$d_{2}$	0.2227 nm	Bond length
$α_{1}$	96.5°	Bond angle between $d_{1} s$
$α_{2}$	102.09°	Bond angle between $d_{1}$ and $d_{2}$

Wavelength (nm)	$T (%)$	$α_{0} ({cm}^{- 1})$	$α_{nl} (cm / GW)$	$ω_{0} (μm)$	$I_{sat} (GW / {cm}^{2})$	${Im}_{χ} (3) (\times 10^{- 14} esu)$
800	42.1	8.7	−0.0138	17.2	459	−0.785
1330	$45.9 \pm 2.2$	$7.8 \pm 0.5$	$- 0.019 \pm 0.003$	$34.6 \pm 4.1$	$382 \pm 60$	$- 1.83 \pm 0.29$
1420	$55.3 \pm 0.3$	$5.9 \pm 0.1$	$- 0.015 \pm 0.009$	$33.5 \pm 7.6$	$464 \pm 130$	$- 1.05 \pm 0.22$
1550	$59.1 \pm 0.1$	$5.3 \pm 0.1$	$- 0.018 \pm 0.013$	$30.2 \pm 1.7$	$398 \pm 163$	$- 1.98 \pm 0.95$
1972	$55.3 \pm 1.5$	$5.9 \pm 0.3$	$- 0.100 \pm 0.028$	$37 \pm 11$	$58.2 \pm 19.4$	$- 14.1 \pm 4.0$
2100	$60.6 \pm 0.5$	$5 \pm 0.1$	$- 0.057 \pm 0.014$	$50 \pm 11$	$71.3 \pm 28.2$	$- 8.49 \pm 2.1$

$a$	0.4374 nm	Lattice constants in orthorhombic system
$b$	0.33133 nm
$c$	1.0473 nm
$u$	0.00806	Crystal structural parameters
$v$	0.01034	Crystal structural parameters
$d_{1}$	0.2222 nm	Bond length
$d_{2}$	0.2227 nm	Bond length
$α_{1}$	96.5°	Bond angle between $d_{1} s$
$α_{2}$	102.09°	Bond angle between $d_{1}$ and $d_{2}$

Wavelength (nm)	$T (%)$	$α_{0} ({cm}^{- 1})$	$α_{nl} (cm / GW)$	$ω_{0} (μm)$	$I_{sat} (GW / {cm}^{2})$	${Im}_{χ} (3) (\times 10^{- 14} esu)$
800	42.1	8.7	−0.0138	17.2	459	−0.785
1330	$45.9 \pm 2.2$	$7.8 \pm 0.5$	$- 0.019 \pm 0.003$	$34.6 \pm 4.1$	$382 \pm 60$	$- 1.83 \pm 0.29$
1420	$55.3 \pm 0.3$	$5.9 \pm 0.1$	$- 0.015 \pm 0.009$	$33.5 \pm 7.6$	$464 \pm 130$	$- 1.05 \pm 0.22$
1550	$59.1 \pm 0.1$	$5.3 \pm 0.1$	$- 0.018 \pm 0.013$	$30.2 \pm 1.7$	$398 \pm 163$	$- 1.98 \pm 0.95$
1972	$55.3 \pm 1.5$	$5.9 \pm 0.3$	$- 0.100 \pm 0.028$	$37 \pm 11$	$58.2 \pm 19.4$	$- 14.1 \pm 4.0$
2100	$60.6 \pm 0.5$	$5 \pm 0.1$	$- 0.057 \pm 0.014$	$50 \pm 11$	$71.3 \pm 28.2$	$- 8.49 \pm 2.1$

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