Dynamic Fiber-Optic Shape Sensing Using Fiber Segment Interferometry

Thomas Kissinger; Edmond Chehura; Stephen E. Staines; Stephen W. James; Ralph P. Tatam

Journal of Lightwave Technology
Vol. 36,
Issue 4,
pp. 917-925
(2018)

Dynamic Fiber-Optic Shape Sensing Using Fiber Segment Interferometry

Thomas Kissinger, Edmond Chehura, Stephen E. Staines, Stephen W. James, and Ralph P. Tatam

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Thomas Kissinger, Edmond Chehura, Stephen E. Staines, Stephen W. James, and Ralph P. Tatam, "Dynamic Fiber-Optic Shape Sensing Using Fiber Segment Interferometry," J. Lightwave Technol. 36, 917-925 (2018)

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Abstract

Dynamic fiber-optic shape sensing, often also referred to as curvature or bend sensing, is demonstrated using fiber segment interferometry, where chains of fiber segments, separated by broadband Bragg grating reflectors, are interrogated using range-resolved interferometry. In this paper, the theory of interferometric curvature sensing using fiber segments is developed in detail, including techniques to infer lateral displacements from the measured differential strain data and methods for directional calibration of the sensor. A proof-of-concept experiment is performed, where four fiber strings, each containing four fiber segments of gauge length 20 cm each, are attached to the opposing sides of a flexible support structure and the resulting differential strain measurements are used to determine the lateral displacements of a 0.8 m cantilever test object in two dimensions. Dynamic tip displacement measurements at $ \mathbf{40}\;\mathbf{nm}\cdot \mathbf{Hz}^{-0.5}$ noise levels over a 21 kHz bandwidth demonstrate the suitability of this approach for highly sensitive and cost-effective fiber-optic lateral displacement or vibration measurements.

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H. J. Patrick, C. Chang, and S. T. Vohra, “Long period fibre gratings for structural bend sensing,” Electron. Lett., vol. 34, no. 18, pp. 1773–1775, 1998.
C. C. Ye, S. W. James, and R. P. Tatam, “Simultaneous temperature and bend sensing with long-period fiber gratings,” Opt. Lett., vol. 25, no. 14, pp. 1007–1009, 2000.
P. M. Blanchardet al., “Two-dimensional bend sensing with a single, multi-core optical fiber,” Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 132–140, 2000.
M. J. Ganderet al., “Two-axis bend measurement using multicore optical fiber,” Opt. Commun., vol. 182, no. 1, pp. 115–121, 2000.
M. J. Ganderet al., “Bend measurement using Bragg gratings in multicore fibre,” Electron. Lett., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 120–121, 2000.
G. M. H. Flockhart, W. N. Macpherson, J. S. Barton, and J. D. C. Jones, “Two-axis bend measurement with Bragg gratings in multicore optical fiber,” Opt. Lett., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 387–389, 2003.
T. Allsopet al., “Bending and orientational characteristics of long period gratings written in D-shaped optical fiber [directional bend sensors],” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 130–135, 2004.
W. N. MacPhersonet al., “Tunnel monitoring using multicore fibre displacement sensor,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1180–1185, 2006.
R. G. Duncanet al., “High-accuracy fiber-optic shape sensing,” Proc. SPIE, Sensor Syst. Netw., vol. 6530, pp. 65301S-1–65301S-11, 2007.
S. Rapp, L. H. Kang, J. H. Han, U. C. Mueller, and H. Baier, “Displacement field estimation for a two-dimensional structure using fiber Bragg grating sensors,” Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 25006-1–25006-12, 2009.
O. Frazãoet al., “All Fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on suspended twin-core fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 22, no. 17, pp. 1300–1302, 2010.
M. Deng, C. P. Tang, T. Zhu, and Y. J. Rao, “Highly sensitive bend sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer using photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Commun., vol. 284, no. 12, pp. 2849–2853, 2011.
H. Bang, H. Kim, and K. Lee, “Measurement of strain and bending deflection of a wind turbine tower using arrayed FBG sensors,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 2121–2126, 2012.
J. P. Moore and M. D. Rogge, “Shape sensing using multi-core fiber optic cable and parametric curve solutions,” Opt. Express, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 2967–2973, 2012.
R. Wanget al., “Highly sensitive curvature sensor using an in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” IEEE Sensors J., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1766–1770, 2013.
R. J. Roesthuis, M. Kemp, J. J. van den Dobbelsteen, and S. Misra, “Three-dimensional needle shape reconstruction using an array of fiber Bragg grating sensors,” IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatronics, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1115–1126, 2013.
R. Xu, A. Yurkewich, and R. V. Patel, “Curvature, torsion, and force sensing in continuum robots using helically wrapped FBG sensors,” IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1052–1059, 2016.
M. J. Nicolas, R. W. Sullivan, and W. L. Richards, “Large scale applications using FBG sensors: Determination of in-flight loads and shape of a composite aircraft wing,” Aerospace, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 18-1–18-15, 2016.
Z. Zhao, M. A. Soto, M. Tang, and L. Thévenaz, “Curvature and shape distributed sensing using Brillouin scattering in multi-core fibers,” in Proc. Adv. Photon. Congr., Vancouver, Canada, 2016, pp. SeM4D.4-1–SeM4D.4-3.
T. Kissinger, E. Chehura, S. W. James, and R. P. Tatam, “Multiplexing curvature sensors using fibre segment interferometry for lateral vibration measurements,” in Proc. 25th Opt. Fiber Sensors Conf., Jeju, South Korea, 2017, pp. 1–4.
K. O. Hill and G. Meltz, “Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1263–1276, 1997.
B. Lee, “Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors,” Opt. Fiber Technol., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 57–79, 2003.
B. A. Childerset al., “Use of 3000 Bragg grating strain sensors distributed on four eight-meter optical fibers during static load tests of a composite structure,” in Proc. Smart Structures Mater., Newport Beach, CA, USA, vol. 4332, pp. 133–142, 2001.
K. Yüksel, V. Moeyaert, P. Mégret, and M. Wuilpart, “Complete analysis of multireflection and spectral-shadowing crosstalks in a quasi-distributed fiber sensor interrogated by OFDR,” IEEE Sensors J., vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 988–995, 2012.
S. J. Rothberget al., “An international review of laser Doppler vibrometry: Making light work of vibration measurement,” Opt. Laser Eng., to be published. doi: .
[Crossref]
T. Kissinger, R. Correia, T. O. H. Charrett, S. W. James, and R. P. Tatam, “Fiber segment interferometry for dynamic strain measurements,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 34, no. 19, pp. 4620–4626, 2016.
T. Kissinger, T. O. H. Charrett, and R. P. Tatam, “Range-resolved interferometric signal processing using sinusoidal optical frequency modulation,” Opt. Express, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 9415–9431, 2015.
C. Polhemus, “Two-wavelength interferometry,” Appl. Opt., vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 2071–2074, 1973.
C. D. Butter and G. B. Hocker, “Fiber optics strain gauge,” Appl. Opt., vol. 17, no. 18, pp. 2867–2869, 1978.
T. Kissinger, T. O. H. Charrett, and R. P. Tatam, “Fibre segment interferometry using code-division multiplexed optical signal processing for strain sensing applications,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 94011-1–94011-13, 2013.
J. M. Gere and B. Goodno, Mechanics of Materials, 9th ed. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning, 2016.
M. Jacobsen, D. Richmond, M. Hogains, and R. Kastner, “RIFFA 2.1: A reusable integration framework for FPGA accelerators,” ACM Trans. Reconfigurable Technol., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 22-1–22-23, 2015.
Z. Wang, F. Shen, L. Song, X. Wang, and A. Wang, “Multiplexed fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer sensors based on ultrashort Bragg gratings,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 622–624, 2007.
J. Roths and F. Jülich, “Determination of strain sensitivity of free fiber Bragg gratings,” in Proc. Opt. Sensors Conf., Strasbourg, France, vol. 7003, pp. 700308-1–700308-8, 2008.
T. Kissinger, T. O. H. Charrett, S. W. James, A. Adams, A. Twin, and R. P. Tatam, “Simultaneous laser vibrometry on multiple surfaces with a single beam system using range-resolved interferometry,” SPIE Opt. Metrol., Munich, Germany, vol. 9525, pp. 952520-1–952520-7, 2015.
N. J. Frigo, A. D. Dandridge, and A. B. Tveten, “Technique for elimination of polarisation fading in fibre interferometers,” Electron. Lett., vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 319–320, 1984.

2016 (3)

R. Xu, A. Yurkewich, and R. V. Patel, “Curvature, torsion, and force sensing in continuum robots using helically wrapped FBG sensors,” IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 1052–1059, 2016.

M. J. Nicolas, R. W. Sullivan, and W. L. Richards, “Large scale applications using FBG sensors: Determination of in-flight loads and shape of a composite aircraft wing,” Aerospace, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 18-1–18-15, 2016.

T. Kissinger, R. Correia, T. O. H. Charrett, S. W. James, and R. P. Tatam, “Fiber segment interferometry for dynamic strain measurements,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 34, no. 19, pp. 4620–4626, 2016.

2015 (3)

T. Kissinger, T. O. H. Charrett, and R. P. Tatam, “Range-resolved interferometric signal processing using sinusoidal optical frequency modulation,” Opt. Express, vol. 23, no. 7, pp. 9415–9431, 2015.

M. Jacobsen, D. Richmond, M. Hogains, and R. Kastner, “RIFFA 2.1: A reusable integration framework for FPGA accelerators,” ACM Trans. Reconfigurable Technol., vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 22-1–22-23, 2015.

T. Kissinger, T. O. H. Charrett, S. W. James, A. Adams, A. Twin, and R. P. Tatam, “Simultaneous laser vibrometry on multiple surfaces with a single beam system using range-resolved interferometry,” SPIE Opt. Metrol., Munich, Germany, vol. 9525, pp. 952520-1–952520-7, 2015.

2013 (3)

T. Kissinger, T. O. H. Charrett, and R. P. Tatam, “Fibre segment interferometry using code-division multiplexed optical signal processing for strain sensing applications,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 24, no. 9, pp. 94011-1–94011-13, 2013.

R. Wanget al., “Highly sensitive curvature sensor using an in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” IEEE Sensors J., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1766–1770, 2013.

R. J. Roesthuis, M. Kemp, J. J. van den Dobbelsteen, and S. Misra, “Three-dimensional needle shape reconstruction using an array of fiber Bragg grating sensors,” IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatronics, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1115–1126, 2013.

2012 (3)

H. Bang, H. Kim, and K. Lee, “Measurement of strain and bending deflection of a wind turbine tower using arrayed FBG sensors,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 2121–2126, 2012.

J. P. Moore and M. D. Rogge, “Shape sensing using multi-core fiber optic cable and parametric curve solutions,” Opt. Express, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 2967–2973, 2012.

K. Yüksel, V. Moeyaert, P. Mégret, and M. Wuilpart, “Complete analysis of multireflection and spectral-shadowing crosstalks in a quasi-distributed fiber sensor interrogated by OFDR,” IEEE Sensors J., vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 988–995, 2012.

2011 (1)

M. Deng, C. P. Tang, T. Zhu, and Y. J. Rao, “Highly sensitive bend sensor based on Mach-Zehnder interferometer using photonic crystal fiber,” Opt. Commun., vol. 284, no. 12, pp. 2849–2853, 2011.

2010 (1)

O. Frazãoet al., “All Fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on suspended twin-core fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 22, no. 17, pp. 1300–1302, 2010.

2009 (1)

S. Rapp, L. H. Kang, J. H. Han, U. C. Mueller, and H. Baier, “Displacement field estimation for a two-dimensional structure using fiber Bragg grating sensors,” Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 25006-1–25006-12, 2009.

2007 (1)

Z. Wang, F. Shen, L. Song, X. Wang, and A. Wang, “Multiplexed fiber Fabry-Perot interferometer sensors based on ultrashort Bragg gratings,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 622–624, 2007.

2006 (1)

W. N. MacPhersonet al., “Tunnel monitoring using multicore fibre displacement sensor,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1180–1185, 2006.

2004 (1)

T. Allsopet al., “Bending and orientational characteristics of long period gratings written in D-shaped optical fiber [directional bend sensors],” IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 130–135, 2004.

2003 (2)

G. M. H. Flockhart, W. N. Macpherson, J. S. Barton, and J. D. C. Jones, “Two-axis bend measurement with Bragg gratings in multicore optical fiber,” Opt. Lett., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 387–389, 2003.

B. Lee, “Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors,” Opt. Fiber Technol., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 57–79, 2003.

2000 (4)

C. C. Ye, S. W. James, and R. P. Tatam, “Simultaneous temperature and bend sensing with long-period fiber gratings,” Opt. Lett., vol. 25, no. 14, pp. 1007–1009, 2000.

P. M. Blanchardet al., “Two-dimensional bend sensing with a single, multi-core optical fiber,” Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 132–140, 2000.

M. J. Ganderet al., “Two-axis bend measurement using multicore optical fiber,” Opt. Commun., vol. 182, no. 1, pp. 115–121, 2000.

M. J. Ganderet al., “Bend measurement using Bragg gratings in multicore fibre,” Electron. Lett., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 120–121, 2000.

1998 (1)

H. J. Patrick, C. Chang, and S. T. Vohra, “Long period fibre gratings for structural bend sensing,” Electron. Lett., vol. 34, no. 18, pp. 1773–1775, 1998.

1997 (1)

K. O. Hill and G. Meltz, “Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1263–1276, 1997.

1984 (1)

N. J. Frigo, A. D. Dandridge, and A. B. Tveten, “Technique for elimination of polarisation fading in fibre interferometers,” Electron. Lett., vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 319–320, 1984.

1978 (1)

C. D. Butter and G. B. Hocker, “Fiber optics strain gauge,” Appl. Opt., vol. 17, no. 18, pp. 2867–2869, 1978.

1973 (1)

C. Polhemus, “Two-wavelength interferometry,” Appl. Opt., vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 2071–2074, 1973.

Adams, A.

Allsop, T.

Baier, H.

Bang, H.

H. Bang, H. Kim, and K. Lee, “Measurement of strain and bending deflection of a wind turbine tower using arrayed FBG sensors,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 2121–2126, 2012.

Barton, J. S.

G. M. H. Flockhart, W. N. Macpherson, J. S. Barton, and J. D. C. Jones, “Two-axis bend measurement with Bragg gratings in multicore optical fiber,” Opt. Lett., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 387–389, 2003.

Blanchard, P. M.

P. M. Blanchardet al., “Two-dimensional bend sensing with a single, multi-core optical fiber,” Smart Mater. Struct., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 132–140, 2000.

Butter, C. D.

C. D. Butter and G. B. Hocker, “Fiber optics strain gauge,” Appl. Opt., vol. 17, no. 18, pp. 2867–2869, 1978.

Chang, C.

H. J. Patrick, C. Chang, and S. T. Vohra, “Long period fibre gratings for structural bend sensing,” Electron. Lett., vol. 34, no. 18, pp. 1773–1775, 1998.

Charrett, T. O. H.

Chehura, E.

T. Kissinger, E. Chehura, S. W. James, and R. P. Tatam, “Multiplexing curvature sensors using fibre segment interferometry for lateral vibration measurements,” in Proc. 25th Opt. Fiber Sensors Conf., Jeju, South Korea, 2017, pp. 1–4.

Childers, B. A.

B. A. Childerset al., “Use of 3000 Bragg grating strain sensors distributed on four eight-meter optical fibers during static load tests of a composite structure,” in Proc. Smart Structures Mater., Newport Beach, CA, USA, vol. 4332, pp. 133–142, 2001.

Correia, R.

Dandridge, A. D.

N. J. Frigo, A. D. Dandridge, and A. B. Tveten, “Technique for elimination of polarisation fading in fibre interferometers,” Electron. Lett., vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 319–320, 1984.

Deng, M.

Duncan, R. G.

R. G. Duncanet al., “High-accuracy fiber-optic shape sensing,” Proc. SPIE, Sensor Syst. Netw., vol. 6530, pp. 65301S-1–65301S-11, 2007.

Flockhart, G. M. H.

G. M. H. Flockhart, W. N. Macpherson, J. S. Barton, and J. D. C. Jones, “Two-axis bend measurement with Bragg gratings in multicore optical fiber,” Opt. Lett., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 387–389, 2003.

Frazão, O.

O. Frazãoet al., “All Fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on suspended twin-core fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 22, no. 17, pp. 1300–1302, 2010.

Frigo, N. J.

N. J. Frigo, A. D. Dandridge, and A. B. Tveten, “Technique for elimination of polarisation fading in fibre interferometers,” Electron. Lett., vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 319–320, 1984.

Gander, M. J.

M. J. Ganderet al., “Two-axis bend measurement using multicore optical fiber,” Opt. Commun., vol. 182, no. 1, pp. 115–121, 2000.

M. J. Ganderet al., “Bend measurement using Bragg gratings in multicore fibre,” Electron. Lett., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 120–121, 2000.

Gere, J. M.

J. M. Gere and B. Goodno, Mechanics of Materials, 9th ed. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning, 2016.

Goodno, B.

J. M. Gere and B. Goodno, Mechanics of Materials, 9th ed. Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Learning, 2016.

Han, J. H.

Hill, K. O.

K. O. Hill and G. Meltz, “Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1263–1276, 1997.

Hocker, G. B.

C. D. Butter and G. B. Hocker, “Fiber optics strain gauge,” Appl. Opt., vol. 17, no. 18, pp. 2867–2869, 1978.

Hogains, M.

Jacobsen, M.

James, S. W.

C. C. Ye, S. W. James, and R. P. Tatam, “Simultaneous temperature and bend sensing with long-period fiber gratings,” Opt. Lett., vol. 25, no. 14, pp. 1007–1009, 2000.

Jones, J. D. C.

G. M. H. Flockhart, W. N. Macpherson, J. S. Barton, and J. D. C. Jones, “Two-axis bend measurement with Bragg gratings in multicore optical fiber,” Opt. Lett., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 387–389, 2003.

Jülich, F.

J. Roths and F. Jülich, “Determination of strain sensitivity of free fiber Bragg gratings,” in Proc. Opt. Sensors Conf., Strasbourg, France, vol. 7003, pp. 700308-1–700308-8, 2008.

Kang, L. H.

Kastner, R.

Kemp, M.

Kim, H.

H. Bang, H. Kim, and K. Lee, “Measurement of strain and bending deflection of a wind turbine tower using arrayed FBG sensors,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 2121–2126, 2012.

Kissinger, T.

Lee, B.

B. Lee, “Review of the present status of optical fiber sensors,” Opt. Fiber Technol., vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 57–79, 2003.

Lee, K.

H. Bang, H. Kim, and K. Lee, “Measurement of strain and bending deflection of a wind turbine tower using arrayed FBG sensors,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 2121–2126, 2012.

MacPherson, W. N.

W. N. MacPhersonet al., “Tunnel monitoring using multicore fibre displacement sensor,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1180–1185, 2006.

G. M. H. Flockhart, W. N. Macpherson, J. S. Barton, and J. D. C. Jones, “Two-axis bend measurement with Bragg gratings in multicore optical fiber,” Opt. Lett., vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 387–389, 2003.

Mégret, P.

Meltz, G.

K. O. Hill and G. Meltz, “Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1263–1276, 1997.

Misra, S.

Moeyaert, V.

Moore, J. P.

J. P. Moore and M. D. Rogge, “Shape sensing using multi-core fiber optic cable and parametric curve solutions,” Opt. Express, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 2967–2973, 2012.

Mueller, U. C.

Nicolas, M. J.

Patel, R. V.

Patrick, H. J.

H. J. Patrick, C. Chang, and S. T. Vohra, “Long period fibre gratings for structural bend sensing,” Electron. Lett., vol. 34, no. 18, pp. 1773–1775, 1998.

Polhemus, C.

C. Polhemus, “Two-wavelength interferometry,” Appl. Opt., vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 2071–2074, 1973.

Rao, Y. J.

Rapp, S.

Richards, W. L.

Richmond, D.

Roesthuis, R. J.

Rogge, M. D.

J. P. Moore and M. D. Rogge, “Shape sensing using multi-core fiber optic cable and parametric curve solutions,” Opt. Express, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 2967–2973, 2012.

Rothberg, S. J.

S. J. Rothberget al., “An international review of laser Doppler vibrometry: Making light work of vibration measurement,” Opt. Laser Eng., to be published. doi: .
[Crossref]

Roths, J.

J. Roths and F. Jülich, “Determination of strain sensitivity of free fiber Bragg gratings,” in Proc. Opt. Sensors Conf., Strasbourg, France, vol. 7003, pp. 700308-1–700308-8, 2008.

Shen, F.

Song, L.

Soto, M. A.

Z. Zhao, M. A. Soto, M. Tang, and L. Thévenaz, “Curvature and shape distributed sensing using Brillouin scattering in multi-core fibers,” in Proc. Adv. Photon. Congr., Vancouver, Canada, 2016, pp. SeM4D.4-1–SeM4D.4-3.

Sullivan, R. W.

Tang, C. P.

Tang, M.

Tatam, R. P.

C. C. Ye, S. W. James, and R. P. Tatam, “Simultaneous temperature and bend sensing with long-period fiber gratings,” Opt. Lett., vol. 25, no. 14, pp. 1007–1009, 2000.

Thévenaz, L.

Tveten, A. B.

N. J. Frigo, A. D. Dandridge, and A. B. Tveten, “Technique for elimination of polarisation fading in fibre interferometers,” Electron. Lett., vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 319–320, 1984.

Twin, A.

van den Dobbelsteen, J. J.

Vohra, S. T.

H. J. Patrick, C. Chang, and S. T. Vohra, “Long period fibre gratings for structural bend sensing,” Electron. Lett., vol. 34, no. 18, pp. 1773–1775, 1998.

Wang, A.

Wang, R.

R. Wanget al., “Highly sensitive curvature sensor using an in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” IEEE Sensors J., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1766–1770, 2013.

Wang, X.

Wang, Z.

Wuilpart, M.

Xu, R.

Ye, C. C.

C. C. Ye, S. W. James, and R. P. Tatam, “Simultaneous temperature and bend sensing with long-period fiber gratings,” Opt. Lett., vol. 25, no. 14, pp. 1007–1009, 2000.

Yüksel, K.

Yurkewich, A.

Zhao, Z.

Zhu, T.

ACM Trans. Reconfigurable Technol. (1)

Aerospace (1)

Appl. Opt. (2)

C. Polhemus, “Two-wavelength interferometry,” Appl. Opt., vol. 12, no. 9, pp. 2071–2074, 1973.

C. D. Butter and G. B. Hocker, “Fiber optics strain gauge,” Appl. Opt., vol. 17, no. 18, pp. 2867–2869, 1978.

Electron. Lett. (3)

N. J. Frigo, A. D. Dandridge, and A. B. Tveten, “Technique for elimination of polarisation fading in fibre interferometers,” Electron. Lett., vol. 20, no. 8, pp. 319–320, 1984.

H. J. Patrick, C. Chang, and S. T. Vohra, “Long period fibre gratings for structural bend sensing,” Electron. Lett., vol. 34, no. 18, pp. 1773–1775, 1998.

M. J. Ganderet al., “Bend measurement using Bragg gratings in multicore fibre,” Electron. Lett., vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 120–121, 2000.

IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. (2)

O. Frazãoet al., “All Fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on suspended twin-core fiber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 22, no. 17, pp. 1300–1302, 2010.

IEEE Robot. Autom. Lett. (1)

IEEE Sensors J. (2)

R. Wanget al., “Highly sensitive curvature sensor using an in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer,” IEEE Sensors J., vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 1766–1770, 2013.

IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. (1)

IEEE/ASME Trans. Mechatronics (1)

Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. (1)

H. Bang, H. Kim, and K. Lee, “Measurement of strain and bending deflection of a wind turbine tower using arrayed FBG sensors,” Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf., vol. 13, no. 12, pp. 2121–2126, 2012.

J. Lightw. Technol. (2)

K. O. Hill and G. Meltz, “Fiber Bragg grating technology fundamentals and overview,” J. Lightw. Technol., vol. 15, no. 8, pp. 1263–1276, 1997.

Meas. Sci. Technol. (2)

W. N. MacPhersonet al., “Tunnel monitoring using multicore fibre displacement sensor,” Meas. Sci. Technol., vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 1180–1185, 2006.

Opt. Commun. (2)

M. J. Ganderet al., “Two-axis bend measurement using multicore optical fiber,” Opt. Commun., vol. 182, no. 1, pp. 115–121, 2000.

Opt. Express (2)

J. P. Moore and M. D. Rogge, “Shape sensing using multi-core fiber optic cable and parametric curve solutions,” Opt. Express, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 2967–2973, 2012.

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