Abstract

An indium phosphide (InP)-based E-plane transition for monolithically integrating terahertz photodiodes with standard rectangular waveguide (WR)-outputs is presented for all standard WR-frequency bands from 0.22 THz to 2.2 THz, i.e., from WR3 to WR0.51. The integration concept comprises a modified uni-travelling carrier photodiode (MUTC-PD) chip, an E-plane transition and a stepped impedance low-pass filter (LPF), which are all monolithically integrated on an InP substrate. The E-plane transition converts the quasi-TEM coplanar waveguide (CPW) mode of the MUTC-PD output to the dominant TE₁₀ mode of the WR. To our knowledge, this is the first frequency-scalable monolithic integration concept that enables packaging of photodiodes with standard WR-outputs up to 2.2 THz. The recommended thickness of the InP substrate and the proposed E-plane transitions’ design parameters are investigated by numerical analysis to achieve minimum insertion loss (IL) and a wide operational bandwidth (BW). The presented optimized transitions exhibit a maximum IL of 1.4 dB, a return loss (RL) better than 10 dB and a minimum 1 dB IL BW of 92.23% for all WR-bands up to 2.2 THz. To prove the proposed monolithic integration concept, a MUTC-PD is integrated with a CPW-to-WR3 E-plane transition (220-320 GHz) on a 95 µm-thick InP substrate. At 300 GHz, the maximum achieved RF output power of the fabricated MUTC-PD chip is −12.4 dBm at a photocurrent of 18.5 mA. For experimental characterization, the MUTC-PD chip with the integrated E-plane transition has been mounted on a 1 mm-thick soda-lime glass substrate as carrier and it has been manually aligned within a WR3 together with an adjustable back-short. Due to non-perfect alignment of the chip and the back-short as well as the additional losses and substrate modes due to the thick glass carrier, the calculated average IL is increased to 5.3 dB. Experimentally, an average IL of 8.6 dB is measured within the WR3-band from 220 GHz to 320 GHz. Integration of the chip in a real package without misalignment and without the glass carrier is expected to improve the IL by ∼4.8 dB.

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