A Review of Band Assignments in near Infrared Spectra of Wood and Wood Components

Manfred Schwanninger; José Carlos Rodrigues; Karin Fackler

Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Vol. 19,
Issue 5,
pp. 287-308
(2011)

A Review of Band Assignments in near Infrared Spectra of Wood and Wood Components

Manfred Schwanninger, José Carlos Rodrigues, and Karin Fackler

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Manfred Schwanninger, José Carlos Rodrigues, and Karin Fackler, "A Review of Band Assignments in near Infrared Spectra of Wood and Wood Components," J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 19, 287-308 (2011)

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Abstract

Near infrared (NIR) spectra of wood and wood products contain information regarding their chemical composition and molecular structure. Both influence physical properties and performance, however, at present, this information is under-utilised in research and industry. Presently NIR spectroscopy is mainly used following the explorative approach, by which the contents of chemical components and physico–chemical as well as mechanical properties of the samples of interest are determined by applying multivariate statistical methods on the spectral data. Concrete hypotheses or prior knowledge on the chemistry and structure of the sample—exceeding that of reference data—are not necessary to build such multivariate models. However, to understand the underlying chemistry, knowledge on the chemical/functional groups that absorb at distinct wavelengths is indispensable and the assignment of NIR bands is necessary. Band assignment is an interesting and important part of spectroscopy that allows conclusions to be drawn on the chemistry and physico–chemical properties of samples. To summarise current knowledge on this topic, 70 years of NIR band assignment literature for wood and wood components were reviewed. In addition, preliminary results of ongoing investigations that also led to new assignments were included for discussion. Furthermore, some basic considerations on the interactions of NIR radiation with the inhomogeneous, anisotropic and porous structure of wood, and what impact this structure has on information contained in the spectra, are presented. In addition, the influence of common data (pre)-processing methods on the position of NIR bands is discussed. For more conclusive band assignments, it is recommended that wood is separated into its components. However, this approach may lead to misinterpretations when evaluation methods other than direct comparison of spectra are used, because isolation and purification of wood components is difficult and may lead to chemical and structural alterations when compared to the native state. Furthermore, “pure” components have more distinct and symmetric bands that influence the shape of the spectra. This extended review provides the reader with a comprehensive summary of NIR bands, as well as some practical considerations important for the application of NIR to wood.

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A. Alves, A. Santos, P. Rozenberg, L.E. Pâques, J.P. Charpentier, and M. Schwanninger, and J. Rodrigues, , “A common near infrared-based partial least squares regression model for the prediction of wood density of Pinus pinaster and Larix x eurolepis”, Wood Sci. Technol. online first, 1 (2010). doi: 10.1007/s00226-010-0383-x
M. All, A.M. Emsley, and H. Herman, and R.J. Heywood, , “Spectroscopic studies of the ageing of cellulosic paper”, Polymer 42, 2893 (2001). doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00691-1
P.R.G. Hein, L. Brancheriau, P.F. Trugilho, and J.T. Lima, and G. Chaix, , “Resonance and near infrared spectroscopy for evaluating dynamic wood properties”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 18(6), 443 (2010). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.907
L.R. Schimleck, and R. Evans, , “Estimation of Pinus radiata D. Don tracheid morphological characteristics by near infrared spectroscopy”, Holzforschung 58(1), 66 (2004). doi: 10.1515/HF.2004.009
F.E. Barton, and D.S. Himmelsbach, , “Two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy. II. Correlation of the absorptions of lignins in the mid-infrared and near-infrared”, Appl. Spectrosc. 47(11), 1920 (1993). doi: 10.1366/0003702934066091
H. Baillères and F. Davrieus, and F.H. Pichavant, , “Near infrared analysis as a tool for rapid screening of some major wood characteristics in a Eucalyptus breeding program”, Ann. For. Sci. 59(5/6), 479 (2002). doi: 10.1051/forest:20032
T. Fujimoto and H. Yamamoto, and S. Tsuchikawa, , “Estimation of wood stiffness and strength properties of hybrid larch by near-infrared spectroscopy”, Appl. Spectrosc. 61(8), 882 (2007). doi: 10.1366/000370207781540150
T. Fujimoto, Y. Kurata, and K. Matsumoto, and S. Tsuchikawa, , “Application of near infrared spectroscopy for estimating wood mechanical properties of small clear and full length lumber specimens”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 16(6), 529 (2008). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.818
T. Fujimoto, and S. Tsuchikawa, , “Identification of dead and sound knots by near infrared spectroscopy”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 18(6), 473 (2010). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.887
A. Sandak and J. Sandak, and M. Negri, , “Relationship between near-infrared (NIR) spectra and the geographical provenance of timber”, Wood Sci. Technol. 45(1), 35 (2011). doi: 10.1007/s00226-010-0313-y
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L.R. Schimleck, P.J. Wright, and A.J. Michell, and A.F.A. Wallis, , “Near-infrared spectra and chemical compositions of E-globulus and E-nitens plantation woods”, Appita J. 50(1), 40 (1997).
P.R.G. Hein, A.C.M. Campos, R.F. Mendes, and L.M. Mendes, and G. Chaix, , “Estimation of physical and mechanical properties of agro-based particleboards by near infrared spectroscopy”, Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 69(3), 431 (2011). doi: 10.1007/s00107-010-0471-5
M. Schwanninger, B. Hinterstoisser, C. Gradinger, and K. Messner, and K. Fackler, , “Examination of spruce wood biodegraded by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora using near and mid infrared spectroscopy”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 12(6), 397 (2004a). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.449

2011 (5)

Y. Kurata and S. Tsuchikawa, and T. Fujimoto, , “Optical characteristics of wood investigated by time-of-flight near infrared spectroscopy”, Holzforschung 65(3), 389 (2011). doi: 10.1515/HF.2011.034

K. Fackler, and M. Schwanninger, , “Accessibility of hydroxyl groups of brown-rot degraded spruce wood to heavy water”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 19(5), 359 (2011). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.943

M. Schwanninger and B. Stefke, and B. Hinterstoisser, , “Qualitative assessment of acetylated wood with infra-red spectroscopic methods”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 19(5), 349 (2011). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.942

A. Sandak and J. Sandak, and M. Negri, , “Relationship between near-infrared (NIR) spectra and the geographical provenance of timber”, Wood Sci. Technol. 45(1), 35 (2011). doi: 10.1007/s00226-010-0313-y

P.R.G. Hein, A.C.M. Campos, R.F. Mendes, and L.M. Mendes, and G. Chaix, , “Estimation of physical and mechanical properties of agro-based particleboards by near infrared spectroscopy”, Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 69(3), 431 (2011). doi: 10.1007/s00107-010-0471-5

2010 (8)

T. Fujimoto, and S. Tsuchikawa, , “Identification of dead and sound knots by near infrared spectroscopy”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 18(6), 473 (2010). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.887

T. Inagaki, H.W. Siesler, and K. Mitsui, and S. Tsuchikawa, , “Difference of the crystal structure of cellulose in wood after hydrothermal and aging degradation: A NIR spectroscopy and XRD study”, Biomacromolecules 11(9), 2300 (2010). doi: 10.1021/bm100403y

K. Fackler, J.S. Stevanic, T. Ters, B. Hinterstoisser, and M. Schwanninger, and L. Salmén, , “Localisation and characterisation of incipient brown-rot decay within spruce wood cell walls using FT-IR imaging microscopy”, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 47(6), 257 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.07.009

A. Alves, A. Santos, P. Rozenberg, L.E. Pâques, J.P. Charpentier, and M. Schwanninger, and J. Rodrigues, , “A common near infrared-based partial least squares regression model for the prediction of wood density of Pinus pinaster and Larix x eurolepis”, Wood Sci. Technol. online first, 1 (2010). doi: 10.1007/s00226-010-0383-x

P.R.G. Hein, L. Brancheriau, P.F. Trugilho, and J.T. Lima, and G. Chaix, , “Resonance and near infrared spectroscopy for evaluating dynamic wood properties”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 18(6), 443 (2010). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.907

H. Bächle, B. Zimmer, and E. Windeisen, and G. Wegener, , “Evaluation of thermally modified beech and spruce wood and their properties by FT-NIR spectroscopy”, Wood Sci. Technol. 44(3), 421 (2010). doi: 10.1007/s00226-010-0361-3

K. Fackler, and M. Schwanninger, , “Polysaccharide degradation and lignin modification during brown rot of spruce wood: A polarised Fourier transform near infra-red study”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 18(6), 403 (2010). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.901

Z. Shi, and C.A. Anderson, , “Pharmaceutical applications of separation of absorption and scattering in near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS)”, J. Pharm. Sci. 99(12), 4766 (2010). doi: 10.1002/jps.22228

2008 (7)

C. Cairós and J. Coello, and S. Maspoch, , “Application of representative layer theory to near-infrared reflectance spectra of powdered samples”, Appl. Spectrosc. 62(12), 1363 (2008). doi: 10.1366/000370208786822313

K. Mitsui and T. Inagaki, and S. Tsuchikawa, , “Monitoring of hydroxyl groups in wood during heat treatment using NIR spectroscopy”, Biomacromolecules 9(1), 286 (2008). doi: 10.1021/bm7008069

B. Stefke, E. Windeisen, and M. Schwanninger, and B. Hinterstoisser, , “Determination of the weight percentage gain and of the acetyl group content of acetylated wood by means of different infrared spectroscopic methods”, Anal. Chem. 80(4), 1272 (2008). doi: 10.1021/ac7020823

T. Fujimoto, Y. Kurata, and K. Matsumoto, and S. Tsuchikawa, , “Application of near infrared spectroscopy for estimating wood mechanical properties of small clear and full length lumber specimens”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 16(6), 529 (2008). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.818

T. Inagaki and H. Yonenobu, and S. Tsuchikawa, , “Near-infrared spectroscopic monitoring of the water adsorption/desorption process in modern and archaeological wood”, Appl. Spectrosc. 62(8), 860 (2008). doi: 10.1366/000370208785284312

I. Çelen and D. Harper, and N. Labbé, , “A multivariate approach to the acetylated poplar wood samples by near infrared spectroscopy”, Holzforschung 62(2), 189 (2008). doi: 10.1515/HF.2008.048

B. Esteves, and H. Pereira, , “Quality assessment of heat-treated wood by NIR spectroscopy. Qualitätsbewertung von wärmebehandeltem Holz mittels NIR-Spektroskopie”, Holz Rob Werkst. 66(5), 323 (2008). doi: 10.1007/s00107-008-0262-4

2007 (3)

T. Fujimoto and H. Yamamoto, and S. Tsuchikawa, , “Estimation of wood stiffness and strength properties of hybrid larch by near-infrared spectroscopy”, Appl. Spectrosc. 61(8), 882 (2007). doi: 10.1366/000370207781540150

N. Heigl, C.H. Petter, M. Rainer, M. Najam-ul-Haq, R.M. Valiant, R. Bakry, and G.K. Bonn, and C.W. Huck, , “Review: Near infrared spectroscopy for polymer research, quality control and reaction monitoring”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 15(5), 269 (2007). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.747

S. Tsuchikawa, , “A review of recent near infrared research for wood and paper”, Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 42, 43 (2007). doi: 10.1080/05704920601036707

2006 (2)

A. Watanabe and S. Morita, and Y. Ozaki, , “A study on water adsorption onto microcrystalline cellulose by near-infrared spectroscopy with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy and principal component analysis”, Appl. Spectrosc. 60(9), 1054 (2006). doi: 10.1366/000370206778397452

A. Watanabe and S. Morita, and Y. Ozaki, , “Temperature-dependent structural changes in hydrogen bonds in microcrystalline cellulose studied by infrared and near-infrared spectroscopy with perturbation-correlation moving-window two-dimensional correlation analysis”, Appl. Spectrosc. 60(6), 611 (2006). doi: 10.1366/000370206777670549

2005 (2)

T.F. Yeh, T. Yamada, E. Capanema, H.M. Chang, and V. Chiang, and J.F. Kadla, , “Rapid screening of wood chemical component variations using transmittance near-infrared spectroscopy”, J. Agr. Food. Chem. 53(9), 3328 (2005). doi: 10.1021/jf0480647

S. Tsuchikawa and H. Yonenobu, and H.W. Siesler, , “Near-infrared spectroscopic observation of the ageing process in archaeological wood using a deuterium exchange method”, Analyst 130(3), 379 (2005). doi: 10.1039/b412759e

2004 (6)

K.C. Dahm, and D.J. Dahm, , “Relation of representative layer theory to other theories of diffuse reflection”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 12(3), 189 (2004). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.426

T.-F. Yeh and H.-M. Chang, and J.F. Kadla, , “Rapid prediction of solid wood lignin content using transmittance near-infrared spectroscopy”, J. Agr. Food. Chem. 52(6), 1435 (2004). doi: 10.1021/jf034874r

M. Otsuka, , “Comparative particle size determination of phenacetin bulk powder by using Kubelka–Munk theory and principal component regression analysis based on near-infrared spectroscopy”, Powder Technol. 141(3), 244 (2004). doi: 10.1016/j.powtec.2004.01.025

C.L. So, B.K. Via, L.H. Groom, L.R. Schimleck, T.F. Shupe, and S.S. Kelley, and T.G. Rials, , “Near infrared spectroscopy in the forest products industry”, Forest Prod. J. 54(3), 6 (2004).

M. Schwanninger, B. Hinterstoisser, N. Gierlinger, and R. Wimmer, and J. Hanger, , “Application of Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR) to thermally modified wood”, Holz Rob Werkst. 62(6), 483 (2004). doi: 10.1007/s00107-004-0520-z

L.R. Schimleck, and R. Evans, , “Estimation of Pinus radiata D. Don tracheid morphological characteristics by near infrared spectroscopy”, Holzforschung 58(1), 66 (2004). doi: 10.1515/HF.2004.009

2003 (5)

H. Yonenobu, and S. Tsuchikawa, , “Near-infrared spectroscopic comparison of antique and modern wood”, Appl. Spectrosc. 57(11), 1451 (2003). doi: 10.1366/000370203322554635

S. Tsuchikawa, and H.W. Siesler, , “Near-infrared spectroscopic monitoring of the diffusion process of deuterium-labeled molecules in wood. Part II: Hardwood”, Appl. Spectrosc. 57(6), 675 (2003). doi: 10.1366/000370203322005373

S. Tsuchikawa, and H.W. Siesler, , “Near-infrared spectroscopic monitoring of the diffusion process of deuterium-labeled molecules in wood. Part I: Softwood”, Appl. Spectrosc. 57(6), 667 (2003). doi: 10.1366/000370203322005364

D.J. Dahm, and K.D. Dahm, , “Illustration of failure of continuum models of diffuse reflectance”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 11(6), 479 (2003). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.398

A.J. O'Neil and R.D. Jee, and A.C. Moffat, , “Measurement of the percentage volume particle size distribution of powdered microcrystalline cellulose using reflectance near-infrared spectroscopy”, Analyst 128(11), 1326 (2003). doi: 10.1039/A807134I

2002 (2)

S. Tsuchikawa, and S. Tsutsumi, , “Application of time-of-flight near-infrared spectroscopy to wood with anisotropic cellular structure”, Appl. Spectrosc. 56(7), 869 (2002). doi: 10.1366/000370202760171545

H. Baillères and F. Davrieus, and F.H. Pichavant, , “Near infrared analysis as a tool for rapid screening of some major wood characteristics in a Eucalyptus breeding program”, Ann. For. Sci. 59(5/6), 479 (2002). doi: 10.1051/forest:20032

2001 (5)

M. All, A.M. Emsley, and H. Herman, and R.J. Heywood, , “Spectroscopic studies of the ageing of cellulosic paper”, Polymer 42, 2893 (2001). doi: 10.1016/S0032-3861(00)00691-1

Y. Ozaki and S. Šašic, and J.H. Jiang, , “Review: How can we unravel complicated near infrared spectra?—Recent progress in spectral analysis methods for resolution enhancement and band assignments in the near infrared region”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 9(2), 63 (2001). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.295

W. Gindl, A. Teischinger, and M. Schwanninger, and B. Hinterstoisser, , “The relationship between near infrared spectra of radial wood surfaces and wood mechanical properties”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 9(4), 255 (2001). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.311

M.C. Pasikatan, J.L. Steele, and C.K. Spillmand, and E. Haque, , “Review: Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for online particle size analysis of powders and ground materials”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 9(3), 153 (2001). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.303

J.J. Workman, , “Infrared and Raman spectroscopy in paper and pulp analysis”, Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 36(2/3), 139 (2001). doi: 10.1081/ASR-100106154

2000 (4)

W. Herschel, , “Herschel's paper”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 8(2), 75 (2000).

Y. Maréchal, and H. Chanzy, , “The hydrogen bond network in Iβ cellulose as observed by infrared spectrometry”, J. Mot. Struct. 523, 183 (2000). doi: 10.1016/S0022-2860(99)00389-0

L.G. Thygesen, and S.-O. Lundqvist, , “NIR measurement of moisture content in wood under stable temperature conditions. Part 1. Thermal effects in near infrared spectra of wood”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 8(3), 183 (2000). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.277

L.G. Thygesen, and S.-O. Lundqvist, , “NIR measurement of moisture content in wood under stable temperature conditions. Part 2. Handling temperature fluctuations”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 8(3), 191 (2000). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.278

1999 (2)

O. Berntsson, T. Burger, S. Folestad, L.G. Danielsson, and J. Kuhn, and J. Fricke, , “Effective sample size in diffuse reflectance near-IR spectrometry”, Anal. Chem. 71(3), 617 (1999). doi: 10.1021/ac980652u

A.J. O'Neil and R.D. Jee, and A.C. Moffat, , “Measurement of the cumulative particle size distribution of microcrystalline cellulose using near infrared reflectance spectroscopy”, Analyst 124(1), 33 (1999). doi: 10.1039/a807134i

1998 (6)

A.J. O'Neil and R.D. Jee, and A.C. Moffat, , “The application of multiple linear regression to the measurement of the median particle size of drugs and pharmaceutical excipients by near-infrared spectroscopy”, Analyst 123(11), 2297 (1998). doi: 10.1039/A806001K

O. Berntsson and L.G. Danielsson, and S. Folestad, , “Estimation of effective sample size when analysing powders with diffuse reflectance near-infrared spectrometry”, Anal. Chim. Acta. 364(1–3), 243 (1998). doi: 10.1016/S0003-2670(98)00196-2

S. Wold, and M. Sjöström, , “Chemometrics, present and future success”, Chemometr. Intell. Lab. Syst. 44, 3 (1998). doi: 10.1016/S0169-7439(98)00075-6

S. Tsuchikawa and M. Torii, and S. Tsutsumi, , “Directional characteristics of near infrared light in the process of radiation and transmission from wood”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 6, 47 (1998). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.120

L. Bokobza, , “Near infrared spectroscopy”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 6(1/4), 3 (1998). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.116

S. Tsuchikawa, and S. Tsutsumi, , “Adsorptive and capillary condensed water in biological material”, J. Mater. Sci. Lett. 17(8), 661 (1998). doi: 10.1023/A:1006672324163

1997 (1)

L.R. Schimleck, P.J. Wright, and A.J. Michell, and A.F.A. Wallis, , “Near-infrared spectra and chemical compositions of E-globulus and E-nitens plantation woods”, Appita J. 50(1), 40 (1997).

1996 (2)

A.J. Michell, and L.R. Schimleck, , “NIR spectroscopy of woods from Eucalyptus globulus”, Appita J. 49(1), 23 (1996).

S. Tsuchikawa and K. Hayashi, and S. Tsutsumi, , “Nondestructive measurement of subsurface structure of biological material having cellular structure by using near-infrared spectroscopy”, Appl. Spectrosc. 50(9), 1117 (1996). doi: 10.1366/0003702963905114

1994 (2)

L.G. Thygesen, , “Determination of dry matter content and basic density of Norway spruce by near infrared reflectance and transmittance spectroscopy”, J. Near Infrared Spectrosc. 2, 127 (1994). doi: 10.1255/jnirs.39

S. Tasker, J.P.S. Badyal, and S.C.E. Backson, and R.W. Richards, , “Hydroxyl accessibility in celluloses”, Polymer 35(22), 4717 (1994). doi: 10.1016/0032-3861(94)90723-4

1993 (1)

F.E. Barton, and D.S. Himmelsbach, , “Two-dimensional vibrational spectroscopy. II. Correlation of the absorptions of lignins in the mid-infrared and near-infrared”, Appl. Spectrosc. 47(11), 1920 (1993). doi: 10.1366/0003702934066091

1992 (1)

F.E. Barton, D.S. Himmelsbach, and J.H. Duckworth, and M.J. Smith, , “Two-dimensional vibration spectroscopy—Correlation of mid- and near-infrared regions”, Appl. Spectrosc. 46(3), 420 (1992). doi: 10.1366/0003702924125375

1986 (2)

E.W. Ciurczak and R.P. Torlini, and M.P. Demkowicz, , “Determination of particle size of pharmaceutical raw materials using near infrared spectroscopy”, Spectroscopy 1, 36 (1986).

R.S. McDonald, , “Review: Infrared spectrometry”, Anal. Chem. 58(9), 1906 (1986). doi: 10.1021/ac00122a003

1983 (1)

D.L. Wetzel, , “Near-infrared reflectance analysis–sleeper among spectroscopic techniques”, Anal. Chem. 55(12), 1165A (1983). doi: 10.1021/ac00262a001

1982 (1)

R. McDonald, , “Review: Infrared Spectrometry”, Anal. Chem. 54(8), 1250 (1982). doi: 10.1021/ac00245a601

1978 (1)

V. Fornes, and J. Chaussidon, , “Interpretation of evolution with temperature of ν2 + ν3 combination band in water”, J. Chem. Phys. 68(10), 4667 (1978). doi: 10.1063/1.435576

1974 (1)

A. Basch and T. Wasserman, and M. Lewin, , “Near-infrared spectrum of cellulose—new method for obtaining crystallinity ratios”, J. Polym. Sci. Pol. Chem. 12(6), 1143 (1974). doi: 10.1002/pol.1974.170120601

1973 (1)

L. May, , “Spectroscopic nomenclature”, Appl. Spectrosc. 27(6), 419 (1973). doi: 10.1366/000370273774333100

1968 (1)

R.L. Jackson, , “Determination of total hydroxyl content of cellulose esters by near-infrared spectroscopy”, Tappi J. 51(12), 560 (1968).

1964 (1)

A. Savitzky, and M.J.E. Golay, , “Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures”, Anal. Chem. 36(8), 1627 (1964). doi: 10.1021/ac60214a047

1963 (2)

K.H. Bassett and R.H. Marchessault, and C.Y. Liang, , “Infrared spectrum of crystalline polysaccharides. 9. near infrared spectrum of cellulose”, J. Polym. Sci. Part A 1(5), 1687 (1963). doi: 10.1002/poL.1963.100010520

K. Buijs, and G.R. Choppin, , “Near-infrared studies of structure of water. 1. Pure water”, J. Chem. Phys. 39(8), 2035 (1963). doi: 10.1063/1.1734579

1960 (1)

R.F. Goddu, and D.A. Delker, , “Spectra-structure correlations for the near-infrared region”, Anal. Chem. 32(1), 140 (1960). doi: 10.1021/ac60157a048

1959 (1)

O.H. Wheeler, , “Near infrared spectra of organic compounds”, Chem. Rev. 59(4), 629 (1959). doi: 10.1021/cr50028a004

1958 (2)

R.C. Gore, , “Infrared spectroscopy”, Anal. Chem. 30(4), 570 (1958). doi: 10.1021/ac50163a004

R.T. O'Connor and E.F. DuPre, and D. Mitcham, , “Applications of infrared absorption spectroscopy to investigations of cotton and modified cottons, Part I: Physical and crystalline modifications and oxidation”, Text. Res. J. 28, 382 (1958). doi: 10.1177/004051755802800503

1957 (3)

J.A. Mitchell and C.D. Bockman, and A.V. Lee, , “Determination of acetyl content of cellulose acetate by near infrared spectroscopy”, Anal. Chem. 29(4), 499 (1957). doi: 10.1021/ac50162a023

V.P. Korelova, , Tr. Leningr. Lesotekhn. Akad. 2, 167 (1957).

M.S.C. Flett, , “Studies of the band near 3 μ in some hydroxy compounds”, Spectrochim. Acta 10(1), 21 (1957). doi: 10.1016/0371-1951(57)80160-X

1956 (2)

R.C. Gore, , “Infrared spectroscopy”, Anal. Chem. 28(4), 577 (1956). doi: 10.1021/ac60112a002

R.T. Holman, and P.R. Edmondson, , “Near-infrared spectra of fatty acids and some related substances”, Anal. Chem. 28(10), 1533 (1956). doi: 10.1021/ac60118a010

1955 (1)

W. Kaye, , “Near-infrared spectroscopy: II. Instrumentation and technique a review”, Spectrochim. Acta 7, 181 (1955). doi: 10.1016/0371-1951(55)80025-2

1954 (2)

R.C. Gore, , “Infrared spectroscopy”, Anal. Chem. 26(1), 11 (1954). doi: 10.1021/ac60085a003

W. Kaye, , “Near-infrared spectroscopy: I. Spectral identification and analytical applications”, Spectrochim. Acta 6(4), 257 (1954). doi: 10.1016/0371-1951(54)80011-7

1952 (1)

R.C. Gore, , “Infrared spectroscopy”, Anal. Chem. 24(1), 8 (1952). doi: 10.1021/ac60061a002

1951 (1)

R.C. Gore, , “Infrared spectroscopy”, Anal. Chem. 23(1), 7 (1951). doi: 10.1021/ac60049a003

1950 (3)

R.C. Gore, , “Infrared spectroscopy”, Anal. Chem. 22(1), 7 (1950). doi: 10.1021/ac60037a003

J.W. Rowen, and E.K. Plyler, , “Effect of deuteration oxidation and hydrogen-bonding on the infrared spectrum of cellulose”, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Standards 44(3), 313 (1950).

V.I. Nikitin, , Vestnik Leningradskogo Universiteta 5(3), 33 (1950).

1949 (2)

R. Steele, and E. Pacsu, , “Cellulose studies.15. Infrared spectra of trimethyl cellulose, cellulose and starch”, Text. Res. J. 19(12), 790 (1949). doi: 10.1177/004051754901901203

R.B. Barnes, and R.C. Gore, , “Infrared spectroscopy”, Anal. Chem. 21(1), 7 (1949). doi: 10.1021/ac60025a003

1940 (1)

J.W. Ellis, and J. Bath, , “Hydrogen bridging in cellulose as shown by infrared absorption spectra”, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 62(10), 2859 (1940). doi: 10.1021/ja01867a064

1939 (1)

W.H. Rodebush, and A.M. Buswell, , “Association through hydrogen”, J. Phys. Chem. 43(2), 219 (1939). doi: 10.1021/j150389a004

1937 (1)

A.M. Buswell and V. Deitz, and W.H. Rodebush, , “A study of the effect of hydrogen bonding upon the infrared absorption of the hydroxyl group”, J. Chem. Phys. 5(7), 501 (1937). doi: 10.1063/1.1750065

1929 (2)

J.W. Ellis, , “The near infra-red absorption spectra of some aldehydes, ketones, esters and ethers”, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 51(5), 1384 (1929). doi: 10.1021/ja01380a012

J.W. Ellis, , “Molecular absorption spectra of liquids below 3 mu”, Trans. Faraday Soc. 25, 0888 (1929). doi: 10.1039/tf9292500888

1928 (1)

F.S. Brackett, , “Characteristic differentiation in the spectra of saturated hydrocarbons”, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 14, 857 (1928). doi: 10.1073/pnas.14.11.857

1924 (1)

J.W. Ellis, , “The near infra-red absorption spectra of some organic liquids”, Phys. Rev. 23(1), 48 (1924). doi: 10.1103/PhysRev.23.48

1906 (1)

W.W. Coblentz, , “Infra-red absorption and reflection spectra”, Phys. Rev. 23(2), 125 (1906). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevSeriesl.23.125

1905 (1)

W.W. Coblentz, , “Infra-red absorption spectra, II”, Phys. Rev. 20(6), 337 (1905). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevSeriesl.20.337x

1904 (1)

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1900 (1)

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