DSP-enhanced radio-over-fiber technologies for 5G-and-beyond wired-wireless convergence

Paikun Zhu; Yuki Yoshida; Atsushi Kanno; Ken-ichi Kitayama; Ken-ichi Kitayama

doi:10.1364/JOCN.455171

Journal of Optical Communications and Networking
Vol. 14,
Issue 8,
pp. 595-605
(2022)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.455171

DSP-enhanced radio-over-fiber technologies for 5G-and-beyond wired-wireless convergence

Paikun Zhu, Yuki Yoshida, Atsushi Kanno, and Ken-ichi Kitayama

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Paikun Zhu, Yuki Yoshida, Atsushi Kanno, and Ken-ichi Kitayama, "DSP-enhanced radio-over-fiber technologies for 5G-and-beyond wired-wireless convergence," J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 14, 595-605 (2022)

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Abstract

Wired-wireless convergence is considered one of the most promising concepts for the access networks in the upcoming beyond-5G era, a notable example being the radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology that delivers broadband wireless data from/to the edge cloud to/from the antenna sites seamlessly. For future radio access, the capacity, latency, and fidelity requirements pose great challenges to the RoF schemes. With the advances of field-programmable gate arrays, application specific integrated circuits, and high-speed data converters, in recent years, digital signal processing (DSP) has been able to play an increasingly important role in RoF system/processing. Such an analog-digital coordinated scheme, namely, DSP-enhanced RoF, has merits in flexibility, parallelized processing capability, and robustness. This paper aims to provide comprehensive analysis of three major DSP-enhanced RoF techniques, namely, DSP-based intermediate-frequency over fiber, analog-to-digital compression RoF, and delta-sigma RoF. Besides performance, quantitative and qualitative analysis will be presented on latency, power consumption, and system complexity, attributes that are important in practice. In addition, we will discuss the challenges to and opportunities for future research.

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Corrections

Paikun Zhu, Yuki Yoshida, Atsushi Kanno, and Ken-ichi Kitayama, "DSP-enhanced radio-over-fiber technologies for 5G-and-beyond wired-wireless convergence: publisher’s note," J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 14, 997-997 (2022)
https://opg.optica.org/jocn/abstract.cfm?uri=jocn-14-12-997

3 November 2022: Corrections were made to Fig. 2.

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	AS-Side DSP	EC-Side DSP	One-Way Latency Model ^a	One-Way Latency Estimation ^b
FDM IFoF [7]	$K$ -ch. $M_{1}$ -point FFT; $K$ -ch. FDW; $M_{2}$ -point IFFT; overlap-and-save	$M_{2}$ -point FFT; $K$ -ch. FDW; $K$ -ch. $M_{1}$ -point IFFT; overlap-and-save	$2 \cdot [M_{1} / f_{S} + 2 / f_{C l k} + (M_{2} / P) / f_{C l k} + T_{P i p} + 1 / f_{C l k}] \cdot (1 + M_{i m p})$	1.5 µs
TDM IFoF [20]	TDM; PCM/QAM; $L_{1}$ -tap $X : Y$ decimator; $L_{2}$ -tap pulse shaper; DUC	DDC; matched filter; sync. (pilot size $L_{3}$ ); $L_{4}$ -tap equalizer; de-TDM	$[L_{1} / Y f_{S} + (2 L_{2} + L_{4}) / 2 f_{C l k} + L_{3} / f_{C l k} + T_{R e g}] \cdot (1 + M_{i m p})$	1.0 µs
ADX-RoF [35]	$K$ -to- $K^{'}$ -ch. spatial comp.; $Q$ -tap analysis filter; adaptive quantizer	De-quantizer; synthesis filter; spatial decomp.	$[8 / f_{C l k} + Q / f_{S} + T_{R e g}] \cdot (1 + M_{i m p})$	0.4 µs
Delta-Sigma RoF [41]	MASH, bit-reduction	None	$P \cdot 2 / f_{C l k} \cdot (1 + M_{i m p})$	0.2 µs

	DSP-Based IFoF	ADX-RoF	Delta-Sigma RoF
DSP complexity	Medium	Medium	Low
High-speed DAC & ADC	Y	N	N
Linear E/O	Y	N	N
Linear O/E	Y	N	N
E/O & O/E bandwidth	Low	Medium	High

	Capacity	Signal Fidelity	Latency	System Complexity	Power Consumption	Advantages	Challenges/Future Research Opportunities	Potential Applications
DSP-based IFoF	High	Medium	Medium	Medium	Medium	Good scalability and BCE	Increase signal quality and compensate analog impairments; control & management (e.g., slicing)	Wireless bridge, fronthaul, wireless backhaul, DAS, train network
ADX-RoF	Medium	High	Low	Low	Low to medium	Trade-off between BCE and signal quality; compatible with packet networking	Adapt to different air interfaces and channels; improve throughput	MIMO fronthaul, DAS
Delta-sigma RoF	Low	Signal bandwidth dependent	Very low	Medium	Medium	Simplify antenna sites; good for distributed antenna synchronization	Uplink discussion; improve channel throughput/bandwidth of DSM	(downlink) fronthaul, DAS
CPRI	Low	Highest	Commercial solution					Legacy service
eCPRI ^a	Medium	High	Commercial solution					5G NR fronthaul

	AS-Side DSP	EC-Side DSP	One-Way Latency Model ^a	One-Way Latency Estimation ^b
FDM IFoF [7]	$K$ -ch. $M_{1}$ -point FFT; $K$ -ch. FDW; $M_{2}$ -point IFFT; overlap-and-save	$M_{2}$ -point FFT; $K$ -ch. FDW; $K$ -ch. $M_{1}$ -point IFFT; overlap-and-save	$2 \cdot [M_{1} / f_{S} + 2 / f_{C l k} + (M_{2} / P) / f_{C l k} + T_{P i p} + 1 / f_{C l k}] \cdot (1 + M_{i m p})$	1.5 µs
TDM IFoF [20]	TDM; PCM/QAM; $L_{1}$ -tap $X : Y$ decimator; $L_{2}$ -tap pulse shaper; DUC	DDC; matched filter; sync. (pilot size $L_{3}$ ); $L_{4}$ -tap equalizer; de-TDM	$[L_{1} / Y f_{S} + (2 L_{2} + L_{4}) / 2 f_{C l k} + L_{3} / f_{C l k} + T_{R e g}] \cdot (1 + M_{i m p})$	1.0 µs
ADX-RoF [35]	$K$ -to- $K^{'}$ -ch. spatial comp.; $Q$ -tap analysis filter; adaptive quantizer	De-quantizer; synthesis filter; spatial decomp.	$[8 / f_{C l k} + Q / f_{S} + T_{R e g}] \cdot (1 + M_{i m p})$	0.4 µs
Delta-Sigma RoF [41]	MASH, bit-reduction	None	$P \cdot 2 / f_{C l k} \cdot (1 + M_{i m p})$	0.2 µs

	DSP-Based IFoF	ADX-RoF	Delta-Sigma RoF
DSP complexity	Medium	Medium	Low
High-speed DAC & ADC	Y	N	N
Linear E/O	Y	N	N
Linear O/E	Y	N	N
E/O & O/E bandwidth	Low	Medium	High

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Journal of Optical Communications and Networking