QoT-aware tree selection, routing, modulation, and spectrum assignment for filterless EONs over the&#x00A0;C + L-band

Mohammad Sadegh Ghasrizadeh; Farhad Arpanaei; Hamzeh Beyranvand

doi:10.1364/JOCN.501624

Journal of Optical Communications and Networking
Vol. 16,
Issue 2,
pp. 127-141
(2024)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.501624

QoT-aware tree selection, routing, modulation, and spectrum assignment for filterless EONs over the C + L-band

Mohammad Sadegh Ghasrizadeh, Farhad Arpanaei, and Hamzeh Beyranvand

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Mohammad Sadegh Ghasrizadeh, Farhad Arpanaei, and Hamzeh Beyranvand, "QoT-aware tree selection, routing, modulation, and spectrum assignment for filterless EONs over the C + L-band," J. Opt. Commun. Netw. 16, 127-141 (2024)

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Abstract

Filterless optical networks (FONs) as an economical solution use passive couplers/splitters rather than expensive active filter devices. In this way, after intermediate and destination nodes, lightpaths are dropped and continued, which generates leakage signals in other links and wastes spectrum. Thus, designing efficient resource allocation in FONs by considering the leakage signals and their interfering effects is of utmost importance. On the other hand, a gradual transition from wavelength division multiplexing optical networks to elastic optical networks (EONs) is occurring due to their efficient utilization of spectrum. Furthermore, utilizing the L-band beside the conventional C-band for spectrum assignment offers a wide range of frequency resources. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an integer linear program (ILP) to solve quality of transmission (QoT)-aware tree selection, routing, modulation, and spectrum assignment problems in filterless EONs over the ${\rm C} + {\rm L}$-band. Furthermore, we provide heuristic algorithms to deal with complex large-scale networks. The performance gap of the proposed ILP and heuristic algorithms is evaluated over a small-scale (5-node) network. The results show that the ILP and heuristic algorithms have almost the same performance in terms of spectrum usage and assigned modulation format, and ILP has a slightly higher generalized signal-to-noise-ratio (GSNR) (0.23 dB or 0.8% at optimum launch power). Furthermore, the heuristic algorithms are also examined over a large-scale network (TID region A topology). The results reveal that the GSNR estimation method severely affects the performance in terms of spectrum usage, blocking, and outage. Furthermore, by using the proposed ${\rm MX5}$ method, as long as there is a fill margin of approximately 2 dB, there is no outage or blocking over the ${\rm C} + {\rm L}$-band, up to a network throughput of 110 Tbps and conventional C-band transmission with lower throughput (i.e., 40 Tbps). Finally, our extensive numerical results provide a rule of thumb for balancing blocking, outage, spectrum usage, and the number of expensive L-band transponders by selecting the appropriate modulation assignment method.

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Ref.	Topology	Grid (Transmission Band)	QoT Parameters	Methodology
[11]	Metro ring	Fixed (C-band)	ASE	Metaheuristic
[36]	Metro ring	Flexible ( $C + L$ -band)	ASE	Heuristic
[41]	Meshed	Fixed (C-band)	ASE	Heuristic
[24]	Meshed	Flexible (C-band)	–	ILP, heuristic, and metaheuristic
[23]	Meshed	Fixed (C-band)	–	Heuristic (column generation)
Our work	Meshed	Flexible ( $C + L$ -band)	ISRS, ASE, and NLI	ILP and heuristic

Abbreviation	Definition
FEON	Filterless elastic optical network
ROADM	Reconfigurable optical add/drop module
WSS	Wavelength selective switch
S-BVT	Sliceable bandwidth variable transponder
FON	Filterless optical network
ILP	Integer linear program
GSNR	Generalized signal-to-noise ratio
QoT	Quality of transmission
NLI	Nonlinear interference
SCI	Self-channel interference
XCI	Cross-channel interference
CAPEX	Capital expenditure
TE	Tree establishment
MF	Modulation format
PM	Polarization multiplexed
FSU	Frequency slot unit
GB	Guard band
PSK	Phase shift keying
QAM	Quadrature amplitude modulation
DUT	Demand under test
FDA	Filterless distance adaptive
ISRS	Interchannel stimulated Raman scattering
ASE	Amplified spontaneous emission
RMSA	Routing, modulation, and spectrum assignment
Q-TRMSA	QoT-aware tree selection, routing,
	modulation, and spectrum assignment

$Z_{d, e}^{u, m} \leq \sum_{u^{'} \in [u, u + N_{d}^{m})} X_{d, e}^{u^{'}, m} / N_{d}^{m}$	$\sum_{u^{'} \in [u, u + N_{d}^{m})} X_{d, e}^{u^{'}, m} \leq Z_{d, e}^{u, m} + N_{d}^{m} - 1$
(6) $\forall d \in D, e \in E, u \in U, m \in M, d \in D, d \in D$	(7) $\forall d \in D, e \in E, u \in U, m \in M, d \in D, d \in D$
(8) $\sum_{m} \sum_{d \in R^{e}} X_{d, e}^{u, m} \leq 1 \forall e \in E, u \in U$	$X_{d, e}^{u, m} + \sum_{d^{'} \in R^{e} \cup W^{e}} X_{d^{'}, e}^{u, m} \leq 1 + \| D \| \times (1 - X_{d, e}^{u, m})$
$Z_{d, e}^{u, m} = \frac{1}{\| E_{d}^{p} \| + \| W_{d}^{p} \|} \sum_{e^{'} \in E_{d}^{p} \cup W_{d}^{p}} Z_{d, e^{'}}^{u, m}$	(9) $\forall d \in D, p \in P^{d}, e \in E_{d}^{p}, u \in U, m \in M$
(10) $\forall d \in D, p \in P^{d}, e \in E_{d}^{p} \cup W_{d}^{p}, u \in U, m \in M$	(11) $\sum_{u \in U} \sum_{m \in M} Z_{d, e}^{u, m} = X_{d}^{e} \forall d \in D, e \in E$
(12) $\sum_{m \in M} \sum_{p : e \in E_{d}^{p} \cup W_{d}^{p}} K_{m, d}^{p} = X_{d}^{e} \forall d \in D, e \in E$	(13) $\sum_{m \in M} \sum_{p : e \in E_{d}^{p}} K_{m, d}^{p} = Y_{d}^{e} \forall d \in D, e \in E$
(14) $\sum_{u \in U} X_{d, e}^{u, m} = N_{d}^{m} \times K_{m, d}^{p} \forall d \in D, p \in P^{d}, e \in E_{d}^{p} \cup W_{d}^{p}, m \in M$	(15) $\sum_{m \in M} \sum_{p \in P^{d}} K_{m, d}^{p} = 1 \forall d \in D$
(16) $\sum_{m} \sum_{d} \frac{1}{\| D \| + \| M \|} X_{d, e}^{u, m} \leq Y_{e}^{u} \leq \sum_{m} \sum_{d} X_{d, e}^{u, m} \forall e \in E, u \in U$	(17) $Y_{u} \leq \sum_{e} Y_{e}^{u} \leq \| E \| \times Y_{u} \forall u \in U$
(18) $\sum_{u} a_{u}^{L} \times Z_{m, d}^{u} = X_{L}^{m, d} \forall d \in D, m \in M$	(19) $\sum_{u} Z_{m, d}^{u} \times (u_{idx} + N_{d}^{m} - 1) \leq N_{C} + N_{L} \times X_{L}^{m, d} \forall d \in D, m \in M$
(20) $\frac{1}{N_{E}} \sum_{e} Z_{d, e}^{u, m} \leq Z_{m, d}^{u} \leq \sum_{e} Z_{d, e}^{u, m} \forall d \in D, m \in M, u \in U$	(21) $\sum_{c^{e}} I_{e}^{c^{e}} = 1 \forall e \in E$
(22) $\sum_{D^{e}} I_{e}^{D^{e}} = 1 \forall e \in E$	(23) $Y_{e}^{u_{i}} + Y_{e}^{u_{j}} - 1 \leq Y_{e}^{u_{i}, u_{j}} \leq \frac{Y_{e}^{u_{i}} + Y_{e}^{u_{j}}}{2} \forall u_{i} \in U, u_{j} \in U, e \in E$
$I_{e}^{c^{e}, u_{i}, u_{j}} \leq \frac{\| f_{u_{i}} - f_{u_{j}} \| \times Y_{e}^{u_{i}, u_{j}}}{5 \times 10^{12}} \leq 1 + 2 \times I_{e}^{c^{e}, u_{i}, u_{j}}$	(25) $\frac{1}{N_{U}^{2}} \sum_{u_{i}} \sum_{u_{j}} I_{e}^{c^{e}, u_{i}, u_{j}} \leq I_{e}^{c^{e}} \leq \sum_{u_{i}} \sum_{u_{j}} I_{e}^{c^{e}, u_{i}, u_{j}} \forall e \in E, c^{e} = 1$
(24) $\forall u_{i} \in U, u_{j} \in U, e \in E, c^{e} = 1$	$Z_{m, d}^{e, u} + I_{e}^{c^{e}} + I_{e}^{D^{e}} - 2 \leq I_{m, d, e}^{u, c^{e}, D^{e}} \leq \frac{Z_{m, d}^{e, u} + I_{e}^{c^{e}} + I_{e}^{D^{e}}}{3}$
(26) $\sum_{D_{e}} D^{e} \times I_{e}^{D^{e}} = \sum_{m} \sum_{d} \sum_{u} Z_{m, d}^{e, u} \forall e \in E$	(27) $\forall m \in M, d \in D, e \in E, u \in U, c^{e} \in {0, 1}, D^{e} \in {0, 1, \dots, \| D \|}$
$I_{m, d, e}^{u, c^{e}, D^{e}} + Y_{d}^{e} - 1 \leq S_{m, d, e}^{u, c^{e}, D^{e}} \leq \frac{I_{m, d, e}^{u, c^{e}, D^{e}} + Y_{d}^{e}}{2}$	$S_{m, d, e}^{u, c^{e}, D^{e}} + I_{m^{'}, d^{'}, e}^{u^{'}, c^{e}, D^{e}} - 1 \leq I_{m, d, m^{'}, d^{'}}^{e, u, u^{'}, D^{e}, c^{e}} \leq \frac{S_{m, d, e}^{u, c^{e}, D^{e}} + I_{m^{'}, d^{'}, e}^{u^{'}, c^{e}, D^{e}}}{2}$
(28) $\forall m \in M, d \in D, e \in E, u \in U, c^{e} \in {0, 1}, D^{e} \in {0, 1, \dots, \| D \|}$	(29) $\forall m, m^{'} \in M, d, d^{'} \in D, e \in E, u, u^{'} \in U,$
	$c^{e} \in {0, 1}, D^{e} \in {0, 1, \dots, \| D \|}$
$P \sum_{m} \frac{1}{{SNR}_{th}^{m}} \sum_{p \in P_{d}} K_{m, d}^{p} \geq \sum_{m \in M} \sum_{e \in E} \sum_{u \in U} \sum_{c^{e} = 0}^{1} \sum_{D^{e} = 0} S_{m, d, e}^{u, c^{e}, D^{e}} \times (F_{d}^{e} . [\sum_{e^{'} \in Γ^{e}, e^{'} \neq e} N_{s}^{e^{'}} \times P_{ASE, m, d, e^{'}}^{u, 1, \| D \|} + N_{s}^{e} \times P_{ASE, m, d, e}^{u, c^{e}, D^{e}}] + P^{3} \times η_{SCI, m, d, e}^{u, c^{e}, D^{e}})$
(30) $+ P^{3} \sum_{m \in M} \sum_{m^{'} \in M} \sum_{d^{'} \neq d} \sum_{e \in E} \sum_{u \in U} \sum_{u^{'} \in U} \sum_{c^{e} = 0}^{1} \sum_{D^{e} = 0} I_{m, d, m^{'}, d^{'}}^{e, u, u^{'}, D^{e}, c^{e}} \times η_{XCI, m, d, m^{'}, d^{'}}^{e, u, u^{'}, D^{e}, c^{e}} \forall d \in D$

\|N\|	\|E\|	\|D\|	\|U\|	Number of Demands in the L-band	Execution Time (s)
4	8	3	4	0	$\sim 327$
4	8	5	6	0	$\sim 732$
4	8	8	10	2	$\sim 1992$
5	14	6	10	0	$\sim 6590$
5	14	8	10	2	$\sim 9300$
5	14	10	10	3	$\sim 33,913$

Ref.	Topology	Grid (Transmission Band)	QoT Parameters	Methodology
[11]	Metro ring	Fixed (C-band)	ASE	Metaheuristic
[36]	Metro ring	Flexible ( $C + L$ -band)	ASE	Heuristic
[41]	Meshed	Fixed (C-band)	ASE	Heuristic
[24]	Meshed	Flexible (C-band)	–	ILP, heuristic, and metaheuristic
[23]	Meshed	Fixed (C-band)	–	Heuristic (column generation)
Our work	Meshed	Flexible ( $C + L$ -band)	ISRS, ASE, and NLI	ILP and heuristic

Mohammad Sadegh Ghasrizadeh	https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7133-6032
Farhad Arpanaei	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1061-0614
Hamzeh Beyranvand	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7013-5865

Abstract

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Figures (11)

Tables (5)

Equations (41)

Journal of Optical Communications and Networking