The principles of non-blackbody radiation and of the application of emittance corrections is discussed for various industrial conditions. Beside the commonly treated case of radiation from a non-blackbody in the open, others discussed are radiation from a heated object surrounded by walls at a higher or lower temperature, radiation from an object viewed through flame, smoke, and furnace gases, and radiation from glass. A table and curves are given for obtaining emittance corrections applicable for a radiation pyrometer having a Pyrex glass lens and another table and other curves are given for a radiation pyrometer with fused silica lens. The use of an optical pyrometer as a “checking instrument” is discussed, and a table and curves are given for emittance corrections where λ=0.65μ. Comparisons are drawn between the readings of the optical pyrometer and radiation pyrometers having the two types of lens, for the condition eλ=et. For certain cases data and procedures are given by means of which emittance corrections are obtainable. For other cases, only the underlying principles are discussed. A bibliography is given.
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Total emittances of miscellaneous materials.* (Most values are uncertain by ten percent to thirty percent. In many cases value depends upon particle size.)
Material
Temperature °C
Emittance et
Aluminum (oxidized)
200
0.11
600
0.19
Brass (oxidized)
200
0.61
600
0.59
Calorized copper
100
0.26
500
0.26
Calorized copper (oxidized)
200
0.18
600
0.19
Calorized steel (oxidized)
200
0.52
600
0.57
Cast iron (strongly oxidized)
40
0.95
250
0.95
Cast iron (oxidized)
200
0.64
600
0.78
Copper (oxidized)
200
0.6
1000
0.6
Fire brick
1000
0.75
Gold enamel
100
0.37
Iron (oxidized)
100
0.74
500
0.84
1200
0.89
Iron (rusted)
25
0.65
Lead (oxidized)
200
0.63
Monel (oxidized)
200
0.43
600
0.43
Nickel (oxidized)
200
0.37
1200
0.85
Silica brick
1000
0.80
1100
0.85
Steel (oxidized)
25
0.80
200
0.79
600
0.79
Steel plate (rough)
40
0.94
400
0.97
Wrought iron (dull oxidized)
25
0.94
350
0.94
20Ni-25Cr-55Fe (oxidized)
200
0.90
500
0.97
60Ni-12Cr-28Fe (oxidized)
270
0.89
560
0.82
80Ni-20cr (oxidized)
100
0.87
600
0.87
1300
0.89
This table was prepared by Wm. F. Roeser and H. T. Wensel of the Pyrometry section of the National Bureau of Standards and is taken from the appendix of Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, 1941), Reinhold Publishing Company, New York.
Table II
Total emissivities of metals, surface unoxidized.*
Source—same as Table I except as noted for stainless steel.
These values are taken from curves by George N. Goller; transactions of A.S.M. Vol. 32, pp. 239–49, 1944.
Table V
Corrections to be added corresponding to various emittances and various brightness temperatures observed with an optical pyrometer. The temperatures and corrections, in °F, are for λ=0.65 and C2=1.432 cm deg. K.
Spectral emittance
Observed temperature in headings—corrections in the body of the table
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
0.05
237
269
303
339
378
420
464
510
560
612
666
724
785
849
917
987
1061
1139
1220
1304
1393
1486
1582
1683
1789
0.10
177
200
224
251
279
309
340
373
409
445
484
525
568
612
659
708
758
811
867
924
984
1046
1111
1178
1248
0.15
143
161
181
202
224
248
273
299
327
356
387
418
452
487
523
561
600
641
684
728
774
822
871
922
975
0.20
120
135
151
169
187
207
227
249
272
296
321
347
374
403
432
463
495
529
563
599
636
675
715
756
798
0.25
102
115
129
144
159
176
193
212
231
251
272
294
317
341
365
391
418
446
475
504
535
567
600
634
669
0.30
88
99
111
124
137
151
166
182
198
215
233
252
271
291
312
334
257
380
405
430
456
483
511
539
569
0.35
76
86
96
107
118
131
143
157
171
186
201
217
234
251
269
288
307
327
348
369
391
414
438
462
487
0.40
66
74
83
93
103
113
124
136
148
161
174
188
202
217
232
248
265
282
300
318
337
357
377
398
419
0.45
57
64
72
80
89
98
107
117
128
139
150
162
174
187
200
214
228
243
258
274
290
307
324
342
360
0.50
50
56
62
69
77
85
93
101
110
120
129
139
150
161
172
184
196
209
222
235
249
264
278
294
309
0.55
43
48
54
60
66
73
79
87
94
103
111
119
128
138
148
158
168
179
190
201
213
225
238
251
264
0.60
36
41
46
51
56
62
68
74
80
87
94
101
109
117
125
134
142
152
161
171
181
191
201
212
223
0.65
30
34
38
43
47
52
57
62
67
73
79
85
91
98
105
112
119
127
135
143
151
160
168
177
187
0.70
25
28
31
35
39
43
47
51
55
60
65
70
75
81
86
92
98
104
111
117
124
131
138
146
153
0.75
20
23
25
28
31
34
38
41
45
48
52
56
60
65
69
74
79
84
89
94
100
105
111
117
123
0.80
16
18
20
22
24
26
29
32
35
37
40
43
47
50
53
57
61
64
68
73
76
81
86
90
95
0.85
11
13
14
16
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
34
36
39
41
44
47
50
53
56
59
62
65
68
0.90
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
15
16
17
19
20
22
23
25
27
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
0.95
4
4
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
8
9
10
11
11
12
13
14
15
16
16
17
18
19
20
21
1.00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Table VI
Temperature-millivolt equivalents for Brown “Radiamatic” radiation pyrometer with Pyrex lens sighted on a blackbody.
Degs. Fahr.
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
Millivolts
0
0.03
0.08
0.11
0.17
0.28
0.44
0.67
0.99
1.42
10
0.46
0.70
1.02
1.47
20
0.48
0.73
1.06
1.52
30
0.50
0.78
1.10
1.57
40
0.52
0.79
1.14
1.62
50
0.04
0.08
0.14
0.21
0.36
0.54
0.82
1.18
1.67
60
0.56
0.85
1.22
1.73
70
0.58
0.88
1.27
1.79
80
0.61
0.92
1.32
1.85
90
0.64
0.96
1.37
1.91
100
0.06
0.11
0.17
0.28
0.44
0.87
0.99
1.42
1.97
Degs. Fahr.
1,600
1,700
1,800
1,900
2,000
2,100
2,200
2,300
2,400
Millivolts
0
1.97
2.66
3.49
4.51
5.74
7.20
8.95
10.99
13.35
10
2.03
2.74
3.59
4.62
5.88
7.36
9.14
11.21
13.60
20
2.09
2.83
3.69
4.74
6.02
7.53
9.33
11.44
13.85
30
2.16
2.90
3.79
4.86
6.16
7.70
9.53
11.67
14.11
40
2.23
2.98
3.89
4.98
6.30
7.87
9.73
11.91
14.37
50
2.30
3.06
3.99
5.10
6.44
8.05
9.93
12.15
14.64
60
2.37
3.14
4.09
5.22
6.59
8.23
10.14
12.39
14.91
70
2.44
3.22
4.19
5.34
6.74
8.41
10.35
12.63
15.18
80
2.51
3.31
4.29
5.47
6.89
8.59
10.56
12.87
15.46
90
2.58
3.40
4.40
5.60
7.04
8.77
10.77
13.11
15.74
100
2.66
3.49
4.51
5.74
7.20
8.95
10.99
13.35
16.03
Degs. Fahr.
2,500
2,600
2,700
2,800
2,900
3,000
3,100
3,200
3,300
Millivolts
0
16.03
19.08
22.48
26.26
30.43
34.98
39.96
45.34
51.02
10
16.32
19.40
22.84
26.66
30.86
35.47
40.48
45.90
51.61
20
16.62
19.73
23.21
27.06
31.30
35.96
41.00
46.46
52.20
30
16.92
20.06
23.58
27.46
31.76
36.45
41.53
47.02
52.80
40
17.22
20.40
23.95
23.87
32.20
36.94
42.06
47.58
53.41
50
17.52
20.74
24.33
28.29
32.64
37.44
42.60
48.15
54.02
60
17.82
21.08
24.71
28.71
33.09
37.94
43.14
48.72
54.64
70
18.13
21.42
25.09
29.14
33.55
38.44
43.69
42.29
55.26
80
18.44
21.77
25.48
29.57
34.02
38.94
44.24
49.86
55.88
90
18.76
22.12
25.87
30.00
34.50
39.45
44.79
50.44
56.50
100
19.08
22.48
26.26
30.43
34.98
39.96
45.34
51.02
57.12
Table VII
Temperature-millivolt equivalents for Brown “Radiamatic” radiation pyrometer with fused silica lens sighted on a blackbody.
Degs. Fahr.
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
Millivolts
0
0.33
0.50
0.76
1.11
1.57
2.16
2.90
10
0.52
0.79
1.15
1.62
2.23
2.98
20
0.54
0.82
1.19
1.67
2.30
3.07
30
0.56
0.85
1.23
1.73
2.37
3.16
40
0.59
0.88
1.27
1.79
2.44
3.25
50
0.41
0.62
0.91
1.32
1.85
2.51
3.34
60
0.65
0.95
1.37
1.91
2.58
3.43
70
0.67
0.99
1.42
1.97
2.66
3.53
80
0.70
1.03
1.47
2.03
2.74
3.63
90
0.73
1.07
1.52
2.09
2.82
3.73
100
0.50
0.76
1.11
1.57
2.16
2.90
3.83
Degs. Fahr.
1,600
1,700
1,800
1,900
2,000
2,100
2,200
Millivolts
0
3.83
4.93
6.25
7.82
9.65
11.77
14.19
10
3.93
5.05
6.40
7.99
9.85
12.00
14.45
20
4.03
5.17
6.55
8.16
10.05
12.23
14.71
30
4.14
5.30
6.70
8.34
10.25
12.47
14.98
40
4.25
5.43
6.85
8.52
10.46
12.71
15.25
50
4.36
5.56
7.00
8.70
10.67
12.95
15.53
60
4.47
5.69
7.16
8.89
10.88
13.19
15.81
70
4.58
5.83
7.32
9.08
11.10
13.44
16.10
80
4.69
5.97
7.48
9.27
11.32
13.69
16.39
90
4.81
6.11
7.65
9.46
11.54
13.94
16.68
100
4.93
6.25
7.82
9.65
11.77
14.19
16.97
Degs. Fahr.
2,300
2,400
2,500
2,600
2,700
2,800
Millivolts
0
16.97
20.11
23.63
27.89
32.36
37.04
10
17.26
20.44
24.05
28.33
32.82
37.52
20
17.56
20.78
24.47
28.77
33.28
38.00
30
17.87
21.12
24.89
29.21
33.74
38.48
40
18.18
21.47
25.31
29.65
34.21
38.97
50
18.50
21.82
25.74
30.10
34.68
39.46
60
18.82
22.18
26.16
30.55
35.15
39.95
70
19.14
22.54
26.59
31.00
35.62
40.44
80
19.46
22.90
27.02
31.45
36.09
40.93
90
19.78
23.26
27.46
31.90
36.56
41.43
100
20.11
23.63
27.89
32.36
37.04
41.93
Table VIII
Comparative pyrometer readings of objects within an enclosure having walls at higher temperature than the object. When eλ=et.
Pyrometer reading, °F
Radiation pyrometer
Optical pyrometer
Emittance of object
Object temp. °F
Wall temp. °F
Fused silica lens
Pyrex lens
0.94
2300
2500
2314
2314
2315
0.79
2300
2500
2346
2346
2350
0.75
2300
2500
2354
2355
2360
0.60
1500
1750
1613
1617
1641
Table IX
Equivalent cut-off wave-length λ for fused silica lens of “Radiamatic” pyrometer.
Blackbody temperature
λ
300°K
3.987
600
3.847
700
3.823
800
3.805
1000°K
3.775
1200
3.753
1400
3.737
1800
3.712
Tables (9)
Table I
Total emittances of miscellaneous materials.* (Most values are uncertain by ten percent to thirty percent. In many cases value depends upon particle size.)
Material
Temperature °C
Emittance et
Aluminum (oxidized)
200
0.11
600
0.19
Brass (oxidized)
200
0.61
600
0.59
Calorized copper
100
0.26
500
0.26
Calorized copper (oxidized)
200
0.18
600
0.19
Calorized steel (oxidized)
200
0.52
600
0.57
Cast iron (strongly oxidized)
40
0.95
250
0.95
Cast iron (oxidized)
200
0.64
600
0.78
Copper (oxidized)
200
0.6
1000
0.6
Fire brick
1000
0.75
Gold enamel
100
0.37
Iron (oxidized)
100
0.74
500
0.84
1200
0.89
Iron (rusted)
25
0.65
Lead (oxidized)
200
0.63
Monel (oxidized)
200
0.43
600
0.43
Nickel (oxidized)
200
0.37
1200
0.85
Silica brick
1000
0.80
1100
0.85
Steel (oxidized)
25
0.80
200
0.79
600
0.79
Steel plate (rough)
40
0.94
400
0.97
Wrought iron (dull oxidized)
25
0.94
350
0.94
20Ni-25Cr-55Fe (oxidized)
200
0.90
500
0.97
60Ni-12Cr-28Fe (oxidized)
270
0.89
560
0.82
80Ni-20cr (oxidized)
100
0.87
600
0.87
1300
0.89
This table was prepared by Wm. F. Roeser and H. T. Wensel of the Pyrometry section of the National Bureau of Standards and is taken from the appendix of Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry (American Institute of Physics, 1941), Reinhold Publishing Company, New York.
Table II
Total emissivities of metals, surface unoxidized.*
Source—same as Table I except as noted for stainless steel.
These values are taken from curves by George N. Goller; transactions of A.S.M. Vol. 32, pp. 239–49, 1944.
Table V
Corrections to be added corresponding to various emittances and various brightness temperatures observed with an optical pyrometer. The temperatures and corrections, in °F, are for λ=0.65 and C2=1.432 cm deg. K.
Spectral emittance
Observed temperature in headings—corrections in the body of the table
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2700
2800
2900
3000
3100
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
0.05
237
269
303
339
378
420
464
510
560
612
666
724
785
849
917
987
1061
1139
1220
1304
1393
1486
1582
1683
1789
0.10
177
200
224
251
279
309
340
373
409
445
484
525
568
612
659
708
758
811
867
924
984
1046
1111
1178
1248
0.15
143
161
181
202
224
248
273
299
327
356
387
418
452
487
523
561
600
641
684
728
774
822
871
922
975
0.20
120
135
151
169
187
207
227
249
272
296
321
347
374
403
432
463
495
529
563
599
636
675
715
756
798
0.25
102
115
129
144
159
176
193
212
231
251
272
294
317
341
365
391
418
446
475
504
535
567
600
634
669
0.30
88
99
111
124
137
151
166
182
198
215
233
252
271
291
312
334
257
380
405
430
456
483
511
539
569
0.35
76
86
96
107
118
131
143
157
171
186
201
217
234
251
269
288
307
327
348
369
391
414
438
462
487
0.40
66
74
83
93
103
113
124
136
148
161
174
188
202
217
232
248
265
282
300
318
337
357
377
398
419
0.45
57
64
72
80
89
98
107
117
128
139
150
162
174
187
200
214
228
243
258
274
290
307
324
342
360
0.50
50
56
62
69
77
85
93
101
110
120
129
139
150
161
172
184
196
209
222
235
249
264
278
294
309
0.55
43
48
54
60
66
73
79
87
94
103
111
119
128
138
148
158
168
179
190
201
213
225
238
251
264
0.60
36
41
46
51
56
62
68
74
80
87
94
101
109
117
125
134
142
152
161
171
181
191
201
212
223
0.65
30
34
38
43
47
52
57
62
67
73
79
85
91
98
105
112
119
127
135
143
151
160
168
177
187
0.70
25
28
31
35
39
43
47
51
55
60
65
70
75
81
86
92
98
104
111
117
124
131
138
146
153
0.75
20
23
25
28
31
34
38
41
45
48
52
56
60
65
69
74
79
84
89
94
100
105
111
117
123
0.80
16
18
20
22
24
26
29
32
35
37
40
43
47
50
53
57
61
64
68
73
76
81
86
90
95
0.85
11
13
14
16
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
34
36
39
41
44
47
50
53
56
59
62
65
68
0.90
7
8
9
10
11
12
14
15
16
17
19
20
22
23
25
27
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
0.95
4
4
4
5
5
6
7
7
8
8
9
10
11
11
12
13
14
15
16
16
17
18
19
20
21
1.00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
Table VI
Temperature-millivolt equivalents for Brown “Radiamatic” radiation pyrometer with Pyrex lens sighted on a blackbody.
Degs. Fahr.
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
Millivolts
0
0.03
0.08
0.11
0.17
0.28
0.44
0.67
0.99
1.42
10
0.46
0.70
1.02
1.47
20
0.48
0.73
1.06
1.52
30
0.50
0.78
1.10
1.57
40
0.52
0.79
1.14
1.62
50
0.04
0.08
0.14
0.21
0.36
0.54
0.82
1.18
1.67
60
0.56
0.85
1.22
1.73
70
0.58
0.88
1.27
1.79
80
0.61
0.92
1.32
1.85
90
0.64
0.96
1.37
1.91
100
0.06
0.11
0.17
0.28
0.44
0.87
0.99
1.42
1.97
Degs. Fahr.
1,600
1,700
1,800
1,900
2,000
2,100
2,200
2,300
2,400
Millivolts
0
1.97
2.66
3.49
4.51
5.74
7.20
8.95
10.99
13.35
10
2.03
2.74
3.59
4.62
5.88
7.36
9.14
11.21
13.60
20
2.09
2.83
3.69
4.74
6.02
7.53
9.33
11.44
13.85
30
2.16
2.90
3.79
4.86
6.16
7.70
9.53
11.67
14.11
40
2.23
2.98
3.89
4.98
6.30
7.87
9.73
11.91
14.37
50
2.30
3.06
3.99
5.10
6.44
8.05
9.93
12.15
14.64
60
2.37
3.14
4.09
5.22
6.59
8.23
10.14
12.39
14.91
70
2.44
3.22
4.19
5.34
6.74
8.41
10.35
12.63
15.18
80
2.51
3.31
4.29
5.47
6.89
8.59
10.56
12.87
15.46
90
2.58
3.40
4.40
5.60
7.04
8.77
10.77
13.11
15.74
100
2.66
3.49
4.51
5.74
7.20
8.95
10.99
13.35
16.03
Degs. Fahr.
2,500
2,600
2,700
2,800
2,900
3,000
3,100
3,200
3,300
Millivolts
0
16.03
19.08
22.48
26.26
30.43
34.98
39.96
45.34
51.02
10
16.32
19.40
22.84
26.66
30.86
35.47
40.48
45.90
51.61
20
16.62
19.73
23.21
27.06
31.30
35.96
41.00
46.46
52.20
30
16.92
20.06
23.58
27.46
31.76
36.45
41.53
47.02
52.80
40
17.22
20.40
23.95
23.87
32.20
36.94
42.06
47.58
53.41
50
17.52
20.74
24.33
28.29
32.64
37.44
42.60
48.15
54.02
60
17.82
21.08
24.71
28.71
33.09
37.94
43.14
48.72
54.64
70
18.13
21.42
25.09
29.14
33.55
38.44
43.69
42.29
55.26
80
18.44
21.77
25.48
29.57
34.02
38.94
44.24
49.86
55.88
90
18.76
22.12
25.87
30.00
34.50
39.45
44.79
50.44
56.50
100
19.08
22.48
26.26
30.43
34.98
39.96
45.34
51.02
57.12
Table VII
Temperature-millivolt equivalents for Brown “Radiamatic” radiation pyrometer with fused silica lens sighted on a blackbody.
Degs. Fahr.
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
Millivolts
0
0.33
0.50
0.76
1.11
1.57
2.16
2.90
10
0.52
0.79
1.15
1.62
2.23
2.98
20
0.54
0.82
1.19
1.67
2.30
3.07
30
0.56
0.85
1.23
1.73
2.37
3.16
40
0.59
0.88
1.27
1.79
2.44
3.25
50
0.41
0.62
0.91
1.32
1.85
2.51
3.34
60
0.65
0.95
1.37
1.91
2.58
3.43
70
0.67
0.99
1.42
1.97
2.66
3.53
80
0.70
1.03
1.47
2.03
2.74
3.63
90
0.73
1.07
1.52
2.09
2.82
3.73
100
0.50
0.76
1.11
1.57
2.16
2.90
3.83
Degs. Fahr.
1,600
1,700
1,800
1,900
2,000
2,100
2,200
Millivolts
0
3.83
4.93
6.25
7.82
9.65
11.77
14.19
10
3.93
5.05
6.40
7.99
9.85
12.00
14.45
20
4.03
5.17
6.55
8.16
10.05
12.23
14.71
30
4.14
5.30
6.70
8.34
10.25
12.47
14.98
40
4.25
5.43
6.85
8.52
10.46
12.71
15.25
50
4.36
5.56
7.00
8.70
10.67
12.95
15.53
60
4.47
5.69
7.16
8.89
10.88
13.19
15.81
70
4.58
5.83
7.32
9.08
11.10
13.44
16.10
80
4.69
5.97
7.48
9.27
11.32
13.69
16.39
90
4.81
6.11
7.65
9.46
11.54
13.94
16.68
100
4.93
6.25
7.82
9.65
11.77
14.19
16.97
Degs. Fahr.
2,300
2,400
2,500
2,600
2,700
2,800
Millivolts
0
16.97
20.11
23.63
27.89
32.36
37.04
10
17.26
20.44
24.05
28.33
32.82
37.52
20
17.56
20.78
24.47
28.77
33.28
38.00
30
17.87
21.12
24.89
29.21
33.74
38.48
40
18.18
21.47
25.31
29.65
34.21
38.97
50
18.50
21.82
25.74
30.10
34.68
39.46
60
18.82
22.18
26.16
30.55
35.15
39.95
70
19.14
22.54
26.59
31.00
35.62
40.44
80
19.46
22.90
27.02
31.45
36.09
40.93
90
19.78
23.26
27.46
31.90
36.56
41.43
100
20.11
23.63
27.89
32.36
37.04
41.93
Table VIII
Comparative pyrometer readings of objects within an enclosure having walls at higher temperature than the object. When eλ=et.
Pyrometer reading, °F
Radiation pyrometer
Optical pyrometer
Emittance of object
Object temp. °F
Wall temp. °F
Fused silica lens
Pyrex lens
0.94
2300
2500
2314
2314
2315
0.79
2300
2500
2346
2346
2350
0.75
2300
2500
2354
2355
2360
0.60
1500
1750
1613
1617
1641
Table IX
Equivalent cut-off wave-length λ for fused silica lens of “Radiamatic” pyrometer.
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