The two matching methods were compared to see whether they gave substantially different results. Such a difference would be of interest because successive matching is common in everyday life whereas simultaneous matching is standard colorimetric practice. An experiment was performed in which 25 test colors were matched by both methods. The successive or memory method yielded (1) the higher variability of replicative matchings, (2) the shorter matching times, (3) systematically higher purities, and (4) somewhat higher luminances. Three supplementary experiments are cited which are confirmatory with respect to the principal finding of extra purity and luminance usually required for the memory matches. This increased apparent strength of the remembered colors seems to be a direct consequence of the selectivity of memory.
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Munsell match, mean of JG, MP, and SN 1-13-47.
Nickerson, Kelly, and Stultz (unpublished data on color of soils, grasses, and foliage. Soil No. 171, Dune Sand (Texas), Table 1, p. T2).
See reference b, mean of 9 samples of Bent Grass, Table 6, p. T21.
G. B. Buck and H. C. Froelich. Illum. Eng. 43, (1948), Fig. 1 (103 subjects).
Nickerson, Kelly, and Stultz (see reference b, mean of 6 samples of Dormant Grasses, Table 6, p. T21).
W. M. Dunagan, Iowa State Coll. Bull. 36, Bull. 139, 39 (1938).
Nickerson, Kelly, and Stultz (see reference b, Foliage No. 1191, Spruce Pine, Table 3, p. T17).
Munsell match, SN. 12–28–46.
Table VII
Extra Munsell chroma required for memory matches of more impressive test colors as compared with less impressive.
More impressive
Less impressive
No.
Test color notation
Chroma M-P
No.
Test color notation
Chroma M-P
2
5.2R
4.24/12.0
3.4
6
5.8YR
5.10/2.0
0.4
2.4
0.8
3.2
1.1
3
0.3YR
5.24/9.7
2.2
9
5.4GY
4.10/3.9
1.7
1.5
0.7
2.7
2.8
10
9.7GY
5.05/7.3
1.8
13
2.3BG
4.33/2.6
0.5
2.9
0.3
2.7
1.7
16
3.8PB
5.42/8.6
1.7
15
7.1B
3.62/4.5
0.3
1.6
0.7
1.8
2.3
18
5.8P
4.28/10.1
2.6
22
8.9RP
4.32/4.1
0.5
1.5
0.6
5.4
3.2
19
0.6RP
5.46/10.4
0.3
2.2
5.0
Mean chroma difference
2.49
1.17
Tables (7)
Table I
Munsell notations and CIE specifications of the test colors.
Test color no.
Munsell notation
CIE (Illum. C)
x
y
Y
1
4.0R
5.12/7.7
0.428
0.319
0.209
2
5.2R
4.24/12.0
0.530
0.317
0.136
3
0.3YR
5.24/9.7
0.499
0.365
0.220
4
3.2YR
5.21/4.2
0.396
0.354
0.217
5
5.1YR
5.27/7.5
0.465
0.392
0.223
6
5.8YR
5.10/2.0
0.353
0.341
0.207
7
9.9YR
5.36/5.5
0.426
0.402
0.231
8
4.8Y
5.08/3.9
0.389
0.401
0.205
9
5.4GY 4.10/3.9
0.347
0.419
0.127
10
9.7GY
5.05/7.3
0.313
0.461
0.202
11
6.1G
5.96/2.4
0.295
0.341
0.296
12
5.6G
5.00/6.1
0.265
0.385
0.198
13
2.3BG
4.33/2.6
0.278
0.331
0.142
14
5.8BG
5.18/6.2
0.233
0.324
0.214
15
7.1B
3.62/4.5
0.225
9.261
0.097
16
3.8PB
5.42/8.6
0.220
0.226
0.238
17
0.2P
5.28/5.1
0.276
0.256
0.224
18
5.8P
4.28/10.1
0.290
0.205
0.139
19
0.6RP
5.46/10.4
0.336
0.239
0.242
20
0.9RP
5.36/4.9
0.325
0.279
0.231
21
5.0RP
5.27/6.3
0.359
0.285
0.223
22
8.9RP
4.32/4.1
0.364
0.303
0.142
23
6.0Y
7.59/0.3
0.315
0.322
0.522
24
5.0GY
5.58/0.1
0.310
0.318
0.255
25
1.7P
3.69/0.1
0.309
0.314
0.100
Table II
Times in seconds required for successive and simultaneous matching.
Test color
Successive (M)
Simultaneous (P)
C
B
N
C
B
N
1
25
26
30
60
64
59
2
18
19
22
54
60
62
3
22
20
29
50
52
72
4
29
29
33
60
61
79
5
23
25
33
59
67
62
6
31
19
29
52
50
65
7
26
27
31
59
54
72
8
34
26
39
54
52
56
9
28
20
34
68
54
62
10
22
19
26
47
50
54
11
27
19
22
54
56
67
12
24
18
25
59
39
50
13
18
18
17
61
56
74
14
19
18
35
63
56
53
15
19
19
22
61
69
63
16
22
20
25
71
62
52
17
24
20
25
55
56
48
18
28
17
27
63
56
58
19
23
20
34
61
60
61
20
22
18
23
52
56
66
21
22
21
29
54
47
50
22
20
18
23
59
46
53
23
38
18
49
67
66
106
24
38
20
45
52
49
81
25
27
20
35
63
64
65
Average
25.2
20.6
29.7
58.3
56.1
63.6
Table III
Munsell notations for the differences between the successive (M) and simultaneous (P) matches of each observer.
Test color
Obs
Hue
Value
Chroma
M
P
M-P
M
P
M-P
M
P
M-P
1
C
5.6R
5.2R
0.4
4.93
4.97
−0.04
7.6
7.0
0.6
B
8.0R
6.5R
1.5
5.46
5.08
0.38
7.9
6.5
1.4
N
6.5R
6.2R
0.3
5.38
4.95
0.43
9.4
6.3
3.1
2
C
6.7R
5.9R
0.8
3.80
3.99
−0.19
14.8
11.4
3.4
B
8.4R
6.6R
1.8
4.36
4.11
0.25
13.0
10.6
2.4
N
6.6R
5.8R
0.8
4.07
4.02
0.05
13.4
10.2
3.2
3
C
3.8YR
2.4YR
1.4
5.11
5.11
0.00
12.0
9.8
2.2
B
2.4YR
2.9YR
−0.5
5.65
5.26
0.39
10.5
9.0
1.5
N
3.1YR
3.6YR
−0.5
5.27
5.06
0.21
12.5
9.8
2.7
4
C
7.7YR
7.2YR
0.5
5.04
5.11
−0.07
5.4
4.0
1.4
B
6.1YR
8.1YR
−2.0
5.67
5.29
0.38
5.6
3.7
1.9
N
7.5YR
9.9YR
−2.4
5.44
5.08
0.36
6.7
4.1
2.6
5
C
8.8YR
8.0YR
0.8
5.21
5.17
0.04
9.3
8.0
1.3
B
7.3YR
8.0YR
−0.7
5.73
5.39
0.34
9.4
7.1
2.3
N
8.6YR
9.3YR
−0.7
5.45
5.21
0.24
11.6
6.7
4.9
6
C
8.6YR
3.2Y
−4.6
5.01
5.01
0.00
2.4
2.0
0.4
B
1.1Y
3.7Y
−2.6
5.42
5.14
0.28
2.6
1.8
0.8
N
0.6Y
6.6Y
−6.0
4.99
4.99
0.00
3.4
2.3
1.1
7
C
3.9Y
3.0Y
0.9
5.28
5.17
0.11
9.2
6.7
2.5
B
3.1Y
2.9Y
0.2
5.73
5.46
0.27
8.2
5.6
2.6
N
3.0Y
3.9Y
−0.9
5.50
5.23
0.27
8.7
5.8
2.9
8
C
9.5Y
8.7Y
0.8
5.13
5.04
0.09
7.1
4.7
2.4
B
7.9Y
9.3Y
−1.4
5.53
5.19
0.34
5.3
4.3
1.0
N
8.7Y
0.1GY
−1.4
5.12
5.03
0.09
7.0
4.4
2.6
9
C
8.0GY
6.2GY
1.8
3.82
4.07
−0.25
7.0
5.3
1.7
B
6.0GY
6.6GY
−0.6
4.38
4.13
0.25
5.4
4.7
0.7
N
4.7GY
7.6GY
−2.9
4.13
4.08
0.05
8.2
5.4
2.8
10
C
2.5G
9.8GY
2.7
5.05
4.98
0.07
10.1
8.3
1.8
B
8.6GY
9.7GY
−1.1
5.50
5.10
0.40
10.8
7.9
2.9
N
9.3GY
0.1G
−0.8
4.97
4.95
0.02
11.1
8.4
2.7
11
C
4.2G
4.4G
−0.2
6.16
5.94
0.22
5.1
3.7
1.4
B
4.0G
4.3G
−0.3
6.64
6.14
0.50
4.1
3.7
0.4
N
2.9G
2.4G
0.5
6.31
5.94
0.37
5.2
4.3
0.9
12
C
4.8G
4.6G
0.2
4.85
4.94
−0.09
9.7
7.7
2.0
B
4.7G
4.4G
0.3
5.51
5.07
0.44
8.6
7.3
1.3
N
4.9G
4.4G
0.5
5.21
4.94
0.27
9.8
7.3
2.5
13
C
5.2G
8.5G
−3.3
3.96
4.29
−0.33
4.5
4.0
0.5
B
8.9G
7.7G
1.2
4.68
4.49
0.19
4.0
3.7
0.3
N
7.6G
8.2G
−0.6
4.41
4.30
0.41
6.0
4.3
1.7
14
C
3.4BG
3.1BG
0.3
4.98
5.09
−0.11
8.4
7.4
1.0
B
4.0BG
3.3BG
0.7
5.62
5.25
0.37
8.2
7.1
1.1
N
2.9BG
2.2BG
0.7
5.40
5.10
0.30
10.6
7.9
2.7
15
C
3.0B
2.2B
0.8
3.34
3.51
−0.17
5.3
5.0
0.3
B
2.1B
3.1B
−1.0
3.65
3.63
0.22
5.5
4.8
0.7
N
8.7BG
9.6BG
−0.9
3.57
3.51
0.06
7.2
4.9
2.3
16
C
3.6PB
1.7PB
1.9
5.69
5.38
0.31
9.6
7.9
1.7
B
0.6PB
9.6B
1.0
6.50
5.55
0.95
8.7
7.1
1.6
N
1.5PB
8.9B
2.6
5.54
5.33
0.21
9.0
7.2
1.8
17
C
7.6PB
7.8PB
−0.2
5.29
5.18
0.11
5.7
3.8
1.9
B
6.9PB
5.5PB
1.4
5.99
5.42
0.57
4.6
3.6
1.0
N
0.7P
3.2PB
7.5
5.53
5.19
0.34
6.1
3.1
3.0
18
C
4.1P
4.6P
−0.5
4.03
4.13
−0.10
11.7
9.1
2.6
B
5.6P
4.3P
1.3
4.50
4.38
0.12
9.4
7.9
1.5
N
6.3P
3.5P
2.8
4.13
4.16
−0.03
12.9
7.5
5.4
19
C
9.5P
9.6P
−0.1
5.44
5.31
0.13
10.0
9.7
0.3
B
1.8RP
0.5RP
1.3
6.00
5.52
0.08
10.3
8.1
2.2
N
0.2RP
0.9RP
−0.7
5.57
5.35
0.22
12.3
7.3
5.0
20
C
0.8RP
9.8P
1.0
5.17
5.20
−0.03
4.9
4.0
0.9
B
1.2RP
0.8RP
0.4
5.90
5.45
0.45
4.2
3.1
1.1
N
8.6P
1.3RP
−2.7
5.60
5.21
0.39
6.2
2.8
3.4
21
C
4.3RP
4.8RP
−0.5
5.18
5.14
0.04
6.3
5.3
1.0
B
5.1RP
5.2RP
−0.1
5.71
5.38
0.33
5.7
4.7
1.0
N
3.7RP
6.8RP
−3.1
5.51
4.14
0.37
8.6
4.3
4.3
22
C
1.6R
8.6RP
3.0
3.92
4.16
−0.24
4.1
3.6
0.5
B
2.0R
4.6R
−2.6
4.60
4.39
0.21
3.9
3.3
0.6
N
6.8RP
3.4R
−6.6
4.51
4.18
0.33
5.9
2.7
3.2
23
C
0.2G
9.6GY
0.6
7.75
7.59
0.16
1.4
1.2
0.2
B
8.4GY
8.8GY
−0.4
8.18
7.77
0.41
1.5
1.6
−0.1
N
7.6GY
7.0GY
0.6
7.56
7.41
0.15
1.2
1.6
−0.4
24
C
9.9GY
2.8G
−2.9
5.64
5.52
0.12
1.1
1.1
0.0
B
2.4G
1.8G
0.6
6.13
5.65
0.48
1.1
1.4
−0.3
N
1.2G
6.9GY
4.3
5.83
5.51
0.32
2.0
1.5
0.5
25
C
9.4GY
6.8G
−7.4
3.32
3.57
−0.25
0.7
0.9
−0.2
B
4.9BG
2.4G
12.5
3.63
3.68
−0.05
0.8
1.1
−0.3
N
1.2G
1.7GY
9.5
3.66
3.58
0.08
2.1
1.9
0.2
Mean
M-P
0.12
0.181
1.69
Table IV
Extra Munsell chroma and value required for memory matching.
CIE x
Test color specifications
Extra chroma steps
Extra value steps
y
Y
Munsell
0.494
0.303
0.12
3.35R 4/10.4
1.6
0.51
0.453
0.371
0.12
3.4YR 4/5.6
1.2
0.51
0.331
0.450
0.12
7.7GY 4/5.2
1.0
0.53
0.248
0.308
0.12
8.25BG 4/3.6
0.6
0.42
Table V
Distribution of the match judgments with respect to the relative chroma and value of the gamut colors.
Munsell match, mean of JG, MP, and SN 1-13-47.
Nickerson, Kelly, and Stultz (unpublished data on color of soils, grasses, and foliage. Soil No. 171, Dune Sand (Texas), Table 1, p. T2).
See reference b, mean of 9 samples of Bent Grass, Table 6, p. T21.
G. B. Buck and H. C. Froelich. Illum. Eng. 43, (1948), Fig. 1 (103 subjects).
Nickerson, Kelly, and Stultz (see reference b, mean of 6 samples of Dormant Grasses, Table 6, p. T21).
W. M. Dunagan, Iowa State Coll. Bull. 36, Bull. 139, 39 (1938).
Nickerson, Kelly, and Stultz (see reference b, Foliage No. 1191, Spruce Pine, Table 3, p. T17).
Munsell match, SN. 12–28–46.
Table VII
Extra Munsell chroma required for memory matches of more impressive test colors as compared with less impressive.
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