Kerr Magneto-Optic Effect in Nickel-Iron Films. I. Experimental

P. H. Lissberger

doi:10.1364/JOSA.51.000948

Journal of the Optical Society of America
Vol. 51,
Issue 9,
pp. 948-956
(1961)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSA.51.000948

Kerr Magneto-Optic Effect in Nickel-Iron Films. I. Experimental

P. H. Lissberger

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P. H. Lissberger, "Kerr Magneto-Optic Effect in Nickel-Iron Films. I. Experimental," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 51, 948-956 (1961)

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Abstract

An account is given of experiments to determine the magnitude of the Kerr magneto-optic effect in thin films of nickel (83%) iron (17%) alloy and the results discussed with a view to possible applications in computer storage systems. It is shown that the magnitude of the effect in relation to inherent background fluctuations (signal-to-noise ratio) can be appreciably increased by a suitable dielectric (zinc sulfide) layer deposited onto the NiFe films. The improvement, however, is found to depend critically on the thickness of the dielectric layer and on the spectral composition of the illumination in the measuring equipment. These facts, as well as the general lack of agreement in previously published results, are clarified by measurements of the dispersion of the Kerr rotation in NiFe films coated with various thicknesses of ZnS.

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Author^a	Ref. No.	Arrangement	Ferromagnetic material	Dielectric material	Spectral composition of incident flux	Amplification	Comments
Noskov	8	Polar	Nickel, permalloy, transformer steel	Cellulose, oil	Spectral region around 5800 A (Glass filter)	1.5–2.5	Marked dependence of amplification on thickness of dielectric observed. Simple formula for amplification given but not derived.
Noskov quoted by Frenkel	13	Polar	Nickel, permalloy, transformer steel	Fe₂O₃	Spectral region around 5800 A (Glass filter)	6–8. Change of sign	Attempt is made to explain change of sign by Faraday effect in Fe₂O₃.
Frenkel	13	Polar	Theoretical work to explain Noskov’s8 results				Correct approach but over-simplified by assumption of total reflection at metal surface.
Noskov	11	Polar	Steel	SiO₂, AgI, ZnS, Fe₂O₃	Spectral region of 1000 A width (Glass filters)	Variable	Amplification varied with thickness of film and spectral composition of incident flux. The rotation sometimes changed sign. No explanation offered.
Noskov	12	Polar	Steel, nickel, cobalt, permalloy	SiO₂, ZnS, CaF₂, AgI, Oxides	Glass filters	Variable	Periodic variation of amplification observed with change in thickness of dielectric layer. Change of sign of rotation observed with oxide layer.
Noskov and Sokolov	14	Polar	Theoretical treatment of Noskov’s12 results				Extension of Frenkel’s13 treatment. Change of sign of Kerr rotation explained on basis of absorption in oxide layers.
Kranz	10	Polar	Crystals of silicon (3%) iron	SiO, ZnS	Monochromatic (probably Hg 5461)	2.8	Results compare favorably with theoretical prediction.9 The effect of dielectric thickness errors is recognized.
Kranz	10	Polar	Crystals of silicon (3%) iron	SiO, ZnS	Monochromatic (probably Hg 5461)	5.1
Heinrich	9	Polar	Crystals of silicon (3%) iron	SiO, ZnS	Monochromatic (Hg 5461)	2.5	Formulas giving amplification are derived by multiple-beam summation.
						5.4
						6.5
Kranz and Drechsel	3	Longitudinal	Crystals of silicon (3%) iron	ZnS	Monochromatic (Hg 5461)		Marked increase in the contrast between adjacent domains obtained on photographs.
Kleinrock	7	Longitudinal	NiFe Films	ZnS, SiO, TiO₂, SnO₂, CdS, etc.	Tungsten light	Variable	Author recognizes the need for further work to clarify the large spread in his results.

Film No.	λ_F (A)	Incident flux	S/N		g
Film No.	λ_F (A)	Incident flux	Measured	Graphical	g
K₈	Uncoated	Tungsten light	3.3	4.9 g	0.7
K₁₇	6400	Tungsten light	8.1	7.8 g	1.0
K₁₈	4550	Tungsten light	12.2	11.2 g	1.1
K₂₃	5220	Tungsten light	1.3	0.4 g	3.2
K₂₃	5220	Tungsten light transmitted by Ilford 110 Filter		11.7 g
K₂₃	5220	Tungsten light transmitted by Ilford 303 Filter		8.9 g

Author^a	Ref. No.	Arrangement	Ferromagnetic material	Dielectric material	Spectral composition of incident flux	Amplification	Comments
Noskov	8	Polar	Nickel, permalloy, transformer steel	Cellulose, oil	Spectral region around 5800 A (Glass filter)	1.5–2.5	Marked dependence of amplification on thickness of dielectric observed. Simple formula for amplification given but not derived.
Noskov quoted by Frenkel	13	Polar	Nickel, permalloy, transformer steel	Fe₂O₃	Spectral region around 5800 A (Glass filter)	6–8. Change of sign	Attempt is made to explain change of sign by Faraday effect in Fe₂O₃.
Frenkel	13	Polar	Theoretical work to explain Noskov’s8 results				Correct approach but over-simplified by assumption of total reflection at metal surface.
Noskov	11	Polar	Steel	SiO₂, AgI, ZnS, Fe₂O₃	Spectral region of 1000 A width (Glass filters)	Variable	Amplification varied with thickness of film and spectral composition of incident flux. The rotation sometimes changed sign. No explanation offered.
Noskov	12	Polar	Steel, nickel, cobalt, permalloy	SiO₂, ZnS, CaF₂, AgI, Oxides	Glass filters	Variable	Periodic variation of amplification observed with change in thickness of dielectric layer. Change of sign of rotation observed with oxide layer.
Noskov and Sokolov	14	Polar	Theoretical treatment of Noskov’s12 results				Extension of Frenkel’s13 treatment. Change of sign of Kerr rotation explained on basis of absorption in oxide layers.
Kranz	10	Polar	Crystals of silicon (3%) iron	SiO, ZnS	Monochromatic (probably Hg 5461)	2.8	Results compare favorably with theoretical prediction.9 The effect of dielectric thickness errors is recognized.
Kranz	10	Polar	Crystals of silicon (3%) iron	SiO, ZnS	Monochromatic (probably Hg 5461)	5.1
Heinrich	9	Polar	Crystals of silicon (3%) iron	SiO, ZnS	Monochromatic (Hg 5461)	2.5	Formulas giving amplification are derived by multiple-beam summation.
						5.4
						6.5
Kranz and Drechsel	3	Longitudinal	Crystals of silicon (3%) iron	ZnS	Monochromatic (Hg 5461)		Marked increase in the contrast between adjacent domains obtained on photographs.
Kleinrock	7	Longitudinal	NiFe Films	ZnS, SiO, TiO₂, SnO₂, CdS, etc.	Tungsten light	Variable	Author recognizes the need for further work to clarify the large spread in his results.

Film No.	λ_F (A)	Incident flux	S/N		g
Film No.	λ_F (A)	Incident flux	Measured	Graphical	g
K₈	Uncoated	Tungsten light	3.3	4.9 g	0.7
K₁₇	6400	Tungsten light	8.1	7.8 g	1.0
K₁₈	4550	Tungsten light	12.2	11.2 g	1.1
K₂₃	5220	Tungsten light	1.3	0.4 g	3.2
K₂₃	5220	Tungsten light transmitted by Ilford 110 Filter		11.7 g
K₂₃	5220	Tungsten light transmitted by Ilford 303 Filter		8.9 g

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