Deane B. Judd, "1964 CIE Supplementary Observer Applied to the Colorimetry of Rutile and Anatase Forms of Titanium Dioxide," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 58, 1638-1649 (1968)
The study by White and Jacobsen of the applicability of the 1964 CIE supplementary observer to large-field colorimetry of the rutile and anatase crystal forms of titanium dioxide has been repeated. The six painted panels used by them were remeasured on a Hardy-type spectrophotometer with closely agreeing results. The arrangement of the panels in order of whiteness by north-sky light was made by 24 observers, yielding 45 arrangements, and these too were in good inverse agreement with the 26 yellowness arrangements made by 13 observers by White and Jacobsen. The spectrophotometric data were reduced to values of U*, V*, W* of the 1964 CIE uniform color space, and the sizes of the chromaticity differences between each panel and the magnesium oxide whiteness standard were computed. By substituting, for CIE illuminant C, the newly recommended CIE illuminants D6500 and D25000, representative of overcast sky and clear sky, respectively, and by taking account of normal variations of amount of lens pigment from one observer to another, we found that the 1964 CIE supplementary observer yields correct predictions of the frequency of the various whiteness arrangements of the six panels.
You do not have subscription access to this journal. Cited by links are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.
You do not have subscription access to this journal. Figure files are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.
You do not have subscription access to this journal. Article tables are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.
You do not have subscription access to this journal. Equations are available to subscribers only. You may subscribe either as an Optica member, or as an authorized user of your institution.
Frequency of occurrence of the six possible rankings of panels A, B, C; comparison between Table I (chiefly NBS observers) and Table II (National Lead Company).
Estimates of the frequency of the six possible rankings of panels A, B, and C that would have occurred if each of the observers listed in Tables I and II had made 12 rankings.
Obs
(age)
ABC
BAC
BCA
CBA
CAB
ACB
Total
MW
17
12
WJR
21
6
6
RAS
23
12
DGG
26
6
6
AVM
28
12
MK
29
12
RS
29
6
6
BPC
31
12
DFA
31
12
RH
31
12
MDK
31
12
GH
33
8
4
PJM
33
12
AJS
35
6
6
MJM
36
12
FM
36
6
6
JCS
37
12
TJN
37
6
6
WH
38
6
6
HT
38
6
6
GW
39
12
GY
41
12
LSW
41
12
RC
42
6
6
LP
43
12
PBM
43
6
6
ERS
45
12
MMB
48
12
TOT
48
12
IN
48
6
6
HKH
12
KLK
54
4
8
AK
56
6
6
MAB
59
6
6
LEB
60
6
6
GWH
65
6
6
DBJ
65
6
3
3
Totals
242
80
47
33
30
12
444
Percent
54.5
18.0
10.6
7.4
6.8
2.7
100.0
Table V
Values of 45°-normal reflectance factor relative to MgO found by photoelectric reflectometry compared to values of 6°-hemispherical luminous reflectance factor relative to MgO computed from the spectrophotometric data of Fig. 1 by means of the 1964 CIE supplementary observer. Illuminant for both sets of values was CIE source C.
Reflectance factors, Ri
Differences from panel A, Ri − RA
Reflectometer
Spectrophotometer Bottom
Reflectometer (average of top and bottom)
Reflectometer Bottom
Spectrophotometer Bottom
Reflectometer (average)
Panel
Top
Bottom
A
94.72
95.16
96.81
94.94
0.00
0.00
0.00
B
95.18
95.29
97.01
95.23
0.13
0.20
0.29
C
95.25
95.27
96.88
95.26
0.11
0.07
0.32
D
95.13
95.47
97.31
95.30
0.31
0.50
0.13
E
95.38
95.42
97.30
95.40
0.26
0.49
0.46
R
95.16
95.24
97.31
95.20
0.08
0.50
0.26
Table VI
Size of chromaticness differences ΔC of the White–Jacobsen panels from magnesium oxide computed from spectrophotometric data in 1964 CIE units for various combinations of observer and light source.
Observer
Source
Panel
ΔC
Rank
1931 CIE standard (2° field)
C
A
1.03
3
B
0.89
1
C
0.98
2
D
1.14
4
E
1.32
5
R
1.49
6
1964 CIE supplementary (10° field)
C
A
1.04
3
B
0.91
1
C
1.02
2
D
1.21
4
E
1.45
5
R
1.66
6
1964 CIE
D6500
A
1.00
2
B
0.90
1
C
1.02
3
D
1.22
4
E
1.49
5
R
1.70
6
1964 CIE
D25000
A
1.32
1
B
1.34
2
C
1.53
3
D
1.84
4
E
2.36
5
R
2.73
6
1964 CIE supplementary
D6500Tlens−1
A
1.61
1
B
1.94
2
C
2.33
3
D
2.91
4
E
3.98
5
R
4.62
6
1964 CIE
A
1.63
1
B
1.87
2
C
2.21
3
D
2.73
4
E
3.68
5
R
4.29
6
1964 CIE
A
1.11
3
B
0.99
1
C
1.10
2
D
1.29
4
E
1.56
5
R
1.78
6
1964 CIE
D6500Tlens
A
0.73
4
B
0.54
1
C
0.60
2
D
0.70
3
E
0.76
5
R
0.85
6
Table VII
Probability of the correct whiteness placement Pc of two panels computed from formulas 6 and 7 as a function of the difference dΔC in whiteness correlate ΔC given in Table VI. Correct whiteness placement means placement in accord with the computed whiteness correlate ΔC.
dΔC (1964 CIE units)
Pc
0.00
0.500
0.01
0.501
0.02
0.506
0.03
0.514
0.04
0.524
0.05
0.536
0.06
0.552
0.07
0.569
0.08
0.588
0.09
0.610
0.10
0.632
0.11
0.654
0.12
0.678
0.13
0.701
0.14
0.725
0.15
0.748
0.16
0.771
0.17
0.793
0.18
0.814
0.19
0.834
0.20
0.852
0.21
0.870
0.22
0.886
0.23
0.900
0.24
0.914
0.25
0.926
0.26
0.936
0.27
0.946
0.28
0.954
0.29
0.962
0.30
0.968
0.31
0.973
0.32
0.978
0.33
0.982
0.34
0.985
0.35
0.988
0.36
0.990
0.37
0.992
0.38
0.994
0.39
0.995
0.40
0.996
0.41
0.997
0.42
0.998
0.43
0.998
0.44
0.999
0.45
0.999
0.46
0.999
0.47
0.999
0.48
1.000
Table VIII
Details of the computation by Eq. (8) of the triadic probabilities from values of the whiteness correlate ΔC shown in Table VI for D6500. The connection between dΔC and Pc is shown in Table VII.
Panel
ΔC
dΔC
A
1.00
0.10 for BA
PBA = 0.632
PAB = 0.368
B
.90
0.12 for BC
PBC = 0.678
PCB = 0.322
C
1.02
0.02 for AC
PAC = 0.506
PCA = 0.494
PABC = 0.368 × 0.678(1 + 2 × 0.506)/3 = 0.167
PACB = 0.506 × 0.322(1 + 2 × 0.368)/3 = 0.094
PBAC = 0.632 × 0.506(1 + 2 × 0.678)/3 = 0.251
PBCA = 0.678 × 0.494(1 + 2 × 0.632)/3 = 0.253
PCAB = 0.494 × 0.368(1 + 2 × 0.322)/3 = 0.100
PCBA = 0.322 × 0.632(1 + 2 × 0.494)/3 = 0.135
Total
1.000
Table IX
Computed probabilities for the six possible triadic arrangements of panels A, B, and C, based on the 1964 CIE supplementary 10° observer and each of six light sources: D6500 and D25000 representing the extremes of north-sky light, D6500 modified by len-pigment greater than average by one unit, and less than average by one unit, and D25000 modified by lens pigment greater than and less than average by one-half unit. One unit of lens pigment is that found by Ludvigh and McCarthy15 for the 21.5-year-old observer.
D6500Tlens−1
D25000
D6500
D6500Tlens
Average
PABC = 0.977
0.900
0.385
0.167
0.140
0.049
0.436
PBAC = 0.018
0.085
0.382
0.251
0.260
0.175
0.195
PBCA = 0.000
0.000
0.072
0.253
0.257
0.344
0.154
PCBA = 0.000
0.000
0.034
0.135
0.157
0.300
0.104
PCAB = 0.000
0.000
0.029
0.100
0.091
0.073
0.049
PACB = 0.005
0.014
0.097
0.094
0.095
0.059
0.061
Totals 1.000
0.999
0.999
1.000
1.000
1.000
0.999
Tables (9)
Table I
Whiteness ranking of the White–Jacobsen panels by 24 observers, mostly members of the Photometry & Colorimetry Section, National Bureau of Standards.
Panels
Obs. (age)
A
B
C
D
E
R
MW (17)
3
4
2
1
5
6
WJR (21)
2
1
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
RAS (23)
1
2
3
4
5
6
DGG (26)
2
1
3
4
5
6
1
2
4
3
5
6
MK (29)
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
RS (29)
1
2
3
4
5
6
2
1
3
4
5
6
BPC (31)
1
2
3
4
5
6
GH (33)
2
3
4
1
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
3
2
4
1
5
6
MJM (36)
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
JCS (37)
1
2
3
4
5
6
WH (38)
3
1
2
4
5
6
3
2
1
4
5
6
HT (38)
1
3
2
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
GW (39)
1
2
3
4
5
6
GY (41)
4
2
1
5
3
6
5
4
1
3
6
2
LP (43)
3
2
4
1
5
6
MMB (48)
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
TOT (48)
1
2
3
4
5
6
IN (48)
2
3
1
4
5
6
2
1
3
4
5
6
HKH (48)
2
3
1
4
5
6
KLK (54)
2
1
3
5
4
6
3
1
2
4
5
6
3
1
2
4
5
6
MAB (59)
3
1
2
4
5
6
1
3
4
2
5
6
LEB (60)
3
2
1
4
6
5
4
2
3
1
5
6
GWH (65)
3
2
1
5
6
4
2
1
3
4
5
6
DBJ (65)
2
1
3
4
6
5
2
1
3
4
5
6
3
1
2
4
5
6
3
2
1
4
5
6
avg (43)
2.0
1.9
2.6
3.6
5.0
5.8
Table II
Inverse yellowness ranking of the White–Jacobsen panels by 13 of their observers.14
Frequency of occurrence of the six possible rankings of panels A, B, C; comparison between Table I (chiefly NBS observers) and Table II (National Lead Company).
Estimates of the frequency of the six possible rankings of panels A, B, and C that would have occurred if each of the observers listed in Tables I and II had made 12 rankings.
Obs
(age)
ABC
BAC
BCA
CBA
CAB
ACB
Total
MW
17
12
WJR
21
6
6
RAS
23
12
DGG
26
6
6
AVM
28
12
MK
29
12
RS
29
6
6
BPC
31
12
DFA
31
12
RH
31
12
MDK
31
12
GH
33
8
4
PJM
33
12
AJS
35
6
6
MJM
36
12
FM
36
6
6
JCS
37
12
TJN
37
6
6
WH
38
6
6
HT
38
6
6
GW
39
12
GY
41
12
LSW
41
12
RC
42
6
6
LP
43
12
PBM
43
6
6
ERS
45
12
MMB
48
12
TOT
48
12
IN
48
6
6
HKH
12
KLK
54
4
8
AK
56
6
6
MAB
59
6
6
LEB
60
6
6
GWH
65
6
6
DBJ
65
6
3
3
Totals
242
80
47
33
30
12
444
Percent
54.5
18.0
10.6
7.4
6.8
2.7
100.0
Table V
Values of 45°-normal reflectance factor relative to MgO found by photoelectric reflectometry compared to values of 6°-hemispherical luminous reflectance factor relative to MgO computed from the spectrophotometric data of Fig. 1 by means of the 1964 CIE supplementary observer. Illuminant for both sets of values was CIE source C.
Reflectance factors, Ri
Differences from panel A, Ri − RA
Reflectometer
Spectrophotometer Bottom
Reflectometer (average of top and bottom)
Reflectometer Bottom
Spectrophotometer Bottom
Reflectometer (average)
Panel
Top
Bottom
A
94.72
95.16
96.81
94.94
0.00
0.00
0.00
B
95.18
95.29
97.01
95.23
0.13
0.20
0.29
C
95.25
95.27
96.88
95.26
0.11
0.07
0.32
D
95.13
95.47
97.31
95.30
0.31
0.50
0.13
E
95.38
95.42
97.30
95.40
0.26
0.49
0.46
R
95.16
95.24
97.31
95.20
0.08
0.50
0.26
Table VI
Size of chromaticness differences ΔC of the White–Jacobsen panels from magnesium oxide computed from spectrophotometric data in 1964 CIE units for various combinations of observer and light source.
Observer
Source
Panel
ΔC
Rank
1931 CIE standard (2° field)
C
A
1.03
3
B
0.89
1
C
0.98
2
D
1.14
4
E
1.32
5
R
1.49
6
1964 CIE supplementary (10° field)
C
A
1.04
3
B
0.91
1
C
1.02
2
D
1.21
4
E
1.45
5
R
1.66
6
1964 CIE
D6500
A
1.00
2
B
0.90
1
C
1.02
3
D
1.22
4
E
1.49
5
R
1.70
6
1964 CIE
D25000
A
1.32
1
B
1.34
2
C
1.53
3
D
1.84
4
E
2.36
5
R
2.73
6
1964 CIE supplementary
D6500Tlens−1
A
1.61
1
B
1.94
2
C
2.33
3
D
2.91
4
E
3.98
5
R
4.62
6
1964 CIE
A
1.63
1
B
1.87
2
C
2.21
3
D
2.73
4
E
3.68
5
R
4.29
6
1964 CIE
A
1.11
3
B
0.99
1
C
1.10
2
D
1.29
4
E
1.56
5
R
1.78
6
1964 CIE
D6500Tlens
A
0.73
4
B
0.54
1
C
0.60
2
D
0.70
3
E
0.76
5
R
0.85
6
Table VII
Probability of the correct whiteness placement Pc of two panels computed from formulas 6 and 7 as a function of the difference dΔC in whiteness correlate ΔC given in Table VI. Correct whiteness placement means placement in accord with the computed whiteness correlate ΔC.
dΔC (1964 CIE units)
Pc
0.00
0.500
0.01
0.501
0.02
0.506
0.03
0.514
0.04
0.524
0.05
0.536
0.06
0.552
0.07
0.569
0.08
0.588
0.09
0.610
0.10
0.632
0.11
0.654
0.12
0.678
0.13
0.701
0.14
0.725
0.15
0.748
0.16
0.771
0.17
0.793
0.18
0.814
0.19
0.834
0.20
0.852
0.21
0.870
0.22
0.886
0.23
0.900
0.24
0.914
0.25
0.926
0.26
0.936
0.27
0.946
0.28
0.954
0.29
0.962
0.30
0.968
0.31
0.973
0.32
0.978
0.33
0.982
0.34
0.985
0.35
0.988
0.36
0.990
0.37
0.992
0.38
0.994
0.39
0.995
0.40
0.996
0.41
0.997
0.42
0.998
0.43
0.998
0.44
0.999
0.45
0.999
0.46
0.999
0.47
0.999
0.48
1.000
Table VIII
Details of the computation by Eq. (8) of the triadic probabilities from values of the whiteness correlate ΔC shown in Table VI for D6500. The connection between dΔC and Pc is shown in Table VII.
Panel
ΔC
dΔC
A
1.00
0.10 for BA
PBA = 0.632
PAB = 0.368
B
.90
0.12 for BC
PBC = 0.678
PCB = 0.322
C
1.02
0.02 for AC
PAC = 0.506
PCA = 0.494
PABC = 0.368 × 0.678(1 + 2 × 0.506)/3 = 0.167
PACB = 0.506 × 0.322(1 + 2 × 0.368)/3 = 0.094
PBAC = 0.632 × 0.506(1 + 2 × 0.678)/3 = 0.251
PBCA = 0.678 × 0.494(1 + 2 × 0.632)/3 = 0.253
PCAB = 0.494 × 0.368(1 + 2 × 0.322)/3 = 0.100
PCBA = 0.322 × 0.632(1 + 2 × 0.494)/3 = 0.135
Total
1.000
Table IX
Computed probabilities for the six possible triadic arrangements of panels A, B, and C, based on the 1964 CIE supplementary 10° observer and each of six light sources: D6500 and D25000 representing the extremes of north-sky light, D6500 modified by len-pigment greater than average by one unit, and less than average by one unit, and D25000 modified by lens pigment greater than and less than average by one-half unit. One unit of lens pigment is that found by Ludvigh and McCarthy15 for the 21.5-year-old observer.