For a given pair of colors (i) and (j) of the same brightness, an observer generates in a visual colorimeter a third color (i,j) such that he perceives all three colors to be equally bright and the three differences between them to be of equal size. In color-perception space, the three colors form an equilateral triangle on a surface of constant brightness. The precision of setting the third color (i,j) can be characterized by ellipsoids in color space. Three observers take part in the experiment and over 30 pairs of colors (i) and (j) are presented to them. In approximately 50% of the cases a given observer will agree, within the uncertainty of his own data, with the mean color (i,j) of another observer. The corresponding color-difference-matching ellipses (cross sections of the ellipsoids) of the different observers show a satisfactory correlation. The experimental data presented may be used to test color-difference formulas and the chromaticity spacing in UCS diagrams.
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Mean resultsa of the color-difference-matching experiment for observers GF, AR, and GW.
Obs.
Test color (i)
Test color (j)
Mean color (i,j)
cdm ellipsoid coefficients
cdm ellipse (cross section)
Points obs’d.
(i)
x
y
(j)
x
y
x0
y0
l0
g11
g12
g22
g23
g33
g13
θ
a
b
a/b
log10A
GF
1
0.4786
0.4327
2
0.4673
0.4073
0.4370
0.4057
0.215
38
−36
99
5
77
12
25
19.1
8.2
2.32
−3.307
28
AR
0.4346
0.4075
0.217
156
−63
122
60
168
−69
52
10.3
6.2
1.67
−3.697
30
GW
0.4472
0.4145
0.215
69
−132
636
−402
927
69
12
14.0
3.4
4.07
−3.824
28
GF
3
0.3909
0.4375
4
0.3828
0.4111
0.3656
0.4039
0.214
138
−95
97
−25
231
−37
51
19.6
6.0
3.25
−3.430
29
AR
0.3550
0.4006
0.212
102
−71
99
32
183
−19
46
16.3
6.8
2.41
−3.460
30
GW
0.3651
0.4074
0.215
193
−135
178
−126
369
93
47
12.4
4.9
2.52
−3.715
30
GF
5
0.2928
0.4151
6
0.3103
0.4377
0.3012
0.4035
0.215
364
−10
187
−156
550
−139
87
6.5
4.6
1.40
−4.026
49
AR
0.3116
0.4119
0.215
503
−37
191
−164
717
59
83
6.5
3.9
1.65
−4.098
28
GW
0.3111
0.4100
0.214
188
−23
137
−116
676
10
69
7.8
6.3
1.24
−3.812
30
GF
7
0.4932
0.3462
8
0.4830
0.3273
0.4613
0.3367
0.220
60
104
507
−284
414
−62
168
14.6
3.8
3.79
−3.756
53
AR
0.4560
0.3341
0.215
94
−61
378
−73
508
47
12
9.8
4.5
2.20
−3.861
30
GW
0.4659
0.3471
0.216
111
89
408
−313
1100
−125
165
9.5
4.2
2.24
−3.896
27
GF
9
0.3079
0.3595
10
0.2926
0.3417
0.2955
0.3532
0.213
231
−74
101
−5
322
−60
66
10.8
5.4
1.99
−3.735
25
AR
0.2951
0.3582
0.216
210
−119
156
51
187
−118
51
11.3
5.1
2.24
−3.745
30
GW
0.3031
0.3729
0.215
284
−54
146
−22
322
12
71
7.8
5.1
1.54
−3.904
28
GF
11
0.4459
0.4809
12
0.4572
0.4756
0.4363
0.4620
0.215
1155
−120
140
21
154
−37
47
16.9
5.4
3.14
−3.542
28
AR
0.4313
0.4505
0.216
219
−80
61
−41
304
28
67
16.9
5.6
3.04
−3.529
30
GW
0.4359
0.4587
0.215
282
−94
176
−67
634
1
60
8.0
4.8
1.67
−3.916
30
GF
13
0.4382
0.3417
14
0.4475
0.3387
0.4361
0.3364
0.214
238
220
1099
−502
476
−37
166
6.5
2.6
2.49
−4.275
27
AR
0.4313
0.3320
0.215
194
−143
660
−544
985
122
16
7.1
3.3
2.13
−4.126
30
GW
0.4325
0.3371
0.215
203
191
1103
−500
1452
−173
168
6.9
2.6
2.64
−4.247
27
GF
15
0.3756
0.3182
16
0.3822
0.3371
0.3928
0.3334
0.214
128
−50
184
−95
347
−5
30
8.9
6.1
1.47
−3.771
29
AR
0.4014
0.3347
0.211
210
−122
213
−146
301
147
45
9.4
4.8
1.93
−3.847
29
GW
0.4019
0.3384
0.212
232
−164
630
−371
813
−78
20
6.7
3.4
2.00
−4.147
28
GF
17
0.2282
0.2815
18
0.2295
0.2987
0.2410
0.2989
0.216
184
−22
176
−83
311
−62
50
7.0
6.2
1.13
−3.862
25
AR
0.2478
0.3084
0.216
290
−125
151
43
737
−96
59
10.0
4.6
2.17
−3.835
27
GW
0.2422
0.3063
0.215
261
−74
201
−209
673
60
56
7.2
5.0
1.43
−3.946
28
GF
19
0.3310
0.2749
20
0.3451
0.2886
0.3376
0.2760
0.213
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
60
AR
0.3432
0.2766
0.214
331
−328
550
−211
731
174
36
9.1
3.2
2.88
−4.047
53
GW
0.3382
0.2754
0.214
392
−291
416
−56
403
−47
44
8.3
3.4
2.48
−4.057
60
GF
36
0.3402
0.2727
19
0.3310
0.2749
0.3352
0.2816
0.221
161
−225
799
−429
1641
25
18
9.3
3.0
3.12
−4.056
29
AR
0.3411
0.2803
0.218
645
−645
1421
331
481
−41
29
5.3
2.1
2.52
−4.460
28
GW
0.3408
0.2893
0.217
180
−70
155
−97
656
2
50
9.0
5.7
1.57
−3.791
27
GF
20
0.3451
0.2886
36
0.3402
0.2727
0.3258
0.2713
0.218
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
AR
0.3256
0.2673
0.217
302
−284
424
−184
460
81
39
10.4
3.5
3.01
−3.947
20
GW
0.3274
0.2695
0.216
327
−219
263
−301
1033
354
49
10.3
3.9
2.65
−3.900
56
GF
21
0.2861
0.2531
22
0.2766
0.2551
0.2878
0.2701
0.215
310
−120
221
−224
841
24
55
7.5
4.5
1.69
−3.977
30
AR
0.2913
0.2767
0.218
746
−521
536
58
348
−43
51
8.4
2.6
3.26
−4.166
27
GW
0.2935
0.2808
0.217
519
−201
151
−78
736
−71
66
11.2
3.6
3.12
−3.900
30
GF
23
0.2054
0.2544
24
0.2156
0.2523
0.2052
0.2406
0.212
197
−19
134
−50
711
−280
75
7.9
6.2
1.27
−3.813
59
AR
0.2069
0.2308
0.215
529
−83
188
−141
530
−165
77
6.8
3.8
1.80
−4.093
27
GW
0.2087
0.2383
0.214
381
−103
159
−163
726
132
69
8.1
4.3
1.88
−3.960
51
GF
25
0.5868
0.3360
26
0.5943
0.3333
0.5855
0.3305
0.218
63
77
361
−28
149
−19
166
13.4
4.5
2.94
−3.721
240
AR
0.5859
0.3293
0.215
185
30
901
−27
138
21
176
6.5
2.9
2.21
−4.220
239
GW
0.5788
0.3263
0.217
50
49
617
−43
467
−26
175
13.1
3.6
3.69
−3.836
30
GF
27
0.5741
0.3184
25
0.5868
0.3360
0.6039
0.3259
0.212
78
62
331
7
84
10
167
11.1
4.8
2.34
−3.779
148
AR
0.6016
0.3229
0.214
75
31
363
−95
122
−13
174
10.4
4.6
2.26
−3.820
26
GW
0.6015
0.3205
0.212
78
59
442
−60
232
−7
171
10.7
4.2
2.56
−3.856
28
GF
26
0.5943
0.3333
27
0.5741
0.3184
0.5670
0.3376
0.223
47
37
222
−1
103
1
169
14.1
5.8
2.42
−3.588
149
AR
0.5696
0.3328
0.216
129
95
595
61
179
−26
169
8.4
3.6
2.36
−4.025
150
GW
0.5582
0.3301
0.215
46
1
129
5
615
14
179
13.0
7.8
1.67
−3.497
25
GF
29
0.3545
0.4518
30
0.3477
0.4240
0.3368
0.4242
0.212
355
−127
167
−607
3913
277
63
8.7
4.3
2.02
−3.927
28
AR
0.3384
0.4289
0.221
295
−139
121
23
223
−68
61
13.2
4.6
2.88
−3.720
30
GW
0.3367
0.4307
0.216
484
−76
144
−143
603
38
78
7.8
4.0
1.98
−4.014
118
GF
28
0.3355
0.4285
29
0.3545
0.4518
0.3422
0.4266
0.224
246
−129
113
−93
697
11
59
15.0
4.9
3.06
−3.635
29
AR
0.3418
0.4307
0.221
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
60
GW
0.3378
0.4108
0.217
237
−103
124
−2
740
102
59
11.1
5.1
2.17
−3.747
26
GF
30
0.3477
0.4240
28
0.3355
0.4285
0.3493
0.4461
0.218
287
−65
84
−76
509
135
74
11.0
5.1
2.17
−3.759
28
AR
0.3471
0.4429
0.218
500
−140
162
62
297
135
70
8.4
3.8
2.22
−4.005
29
GW
0.3552
0.4499
0.214
173
−31
82
−36
549
167
73
10.4
6.5
1.59
−3.671
29
GF
31
0.2492
0.2769
32
0.2617
0.2912
0.2530
0.2710
0.217
477
−224
407
−161
1860
−251
49
6.0
3.4
1.77
−4.189
30
AR
0.2598
0.2709
0.219
338
−139
146
−6
611
−53
62
10.4
4.4
2.38
−3.848
25
GW
0.2603
0.2716
0.215
332
−101
160
−61
155
48
65
8.3
4.3
1.82
−3.928
28
GF
32
0.2617
0.2912
33
0.2594
0.2746
0.2522
0.2740
0.216
1216
−502
773
−611
3076
−448
57
4.2
2.3
1.86
−4.529
30
AR
0.2487
0.2674
0.217
662
−148
106
−2
330
−126
76
10.7
3.3
3.19
−3.951
30
GW
0.2520
0.2761
0.218
484
−54
112
−51
570
−81
82
8.6
4.0
2.17
−3.966
60
GF
33
0.2594
0.2746
31
0.2492
0.2769
0.2607
0.2866
0.223
961
−742
1380
−1248
4517
52
37
4.4
2.0
2.20
−4.555
28
AR
0.2625
0.2870
0.219
644
−498
530
56
289
30
48
9.6
2.7
3.57
−4.094
30
GW
0.2623
0.2993
0.217
761
−154
200
−268
2046
−300
76
7.0
3.1
2.23
−4.164
28
GF
34
0.3101
0.3163
35
0.3251
0.3325
0.3257
0.3221
0.216
173
−110
135
−46
210
27
50
13.5
5.4
2.49
−3.638
142
AR
0.3292
0.3268
0.216
582
−303
492
−124
244
111
49
5.8
3.0
1.91
−4.255
150
GW
0.3209
0.3150
0.215
409
−76
197
−213
549
10
72
6.7
4.2
1.59
−4.047
30
GF
35
0.3251
0.3325
34
0.3101
0.3163
0.3181
0.3314
0.216
822
−523
533
34
399
−150
53
7.6
2.5
3.00
−4.219
148
AR
0.3150
0.3350
0.219
767
−514
803
294
375
−226
44
5.4
2.4
2.19
−4.384
150
GW
0.3117
0.3269
0.216
571
−323
527
−234
911
50
47
5.9
3.0
1.97
−4.257
30
GF
34
0.3101
0.3163
37
0.3061
0.2984
0.2986
0.3054
0.215
293
−108
108
−39
206
−24
65
11.6
4.8
2.43
−3.760
148
AR
0.2969
0.2987
0.214
568
−238
312
−106
218
16
59
6.8
3.3
2.05
−4.150
148
GW
0.2973
0.3038
0.216
745
−304
238
−104
668
154
65
9.1
3.0
3.05
−4.074
150
GF
37
0.3061
0.2984
34
0.3101
0.3163
0.3232
0.3246
0.218
383
−135
143
−62
272
39
66
9.8
4.2
2.33
−3.890
112
AR
0.3211
0.3140
0.214
497
−323
510
−81
294
127
44
6.6
3.1
2.14
−4.198
150
GW
0.3295
0.3292
0.213
260
−127
120
−57
491
103
59
13.2
4.8
2.73
−3.699
146
GF
34
0.3101
0.3163
39
0.2996
0.3191
0.3206
0.3416
0.221
132
−51
68
−40
163
34
61
14.1
7.0
2.02
−3.510
150
AR
0.3135
0.3275
0.215
1207
−836
1371
−128
224
188
42
4.2
1.9
2.18
−4.600
145
GW
0.3194
0.3422
0.215
490
−239
389
201
1293
119
51
6.3
3.4
1.87
−4.173
150
GF
39
0.2996
0.3191
34
0.3101
0.3163
0.2926
0.2989
0.215
122
−41
74
−44
160
15
60
12.4
7.3
1.69
−3.545
142
AR
0.2956
0.3027
0.215
659
−359
421
−46
203
60
54
7.0
2.9
2.38
−4.196
149
GW
0.2986
0.3062
0.213
593
−255
483
−162
836
246
51
5.3
3.1
1.70
−4.283
147
GF
41
0.3425
0.5280
51
0.3565
0.5216
0.3388
0.5068
0.213
132
−18
37
−13
386
−7
80
15.3
7.6
2.01
−3.438
27
AR
0.3383
0.4962
0.219
134
−44
49
−30
243
−66
67
16.0
7.2
2.23
−3.445
30
GW
0.3324
0.4756
0.213
150
−30
19
−33
550
49
78
25.2
7.1
3.57
−3.252
28
GF
52
0.2848
0.4474
42
0.3022
0.4725
0.2941
0.4384
0.217
546
−68
109
−87
573
−137
81
8.9
3.8
2.38
−3.979
30
AR
0.2975
0.4467
0.222
341
−9
59
−59
189
−26
88
11.5
4.8
2.41
−3.761
29
GW
0.2954
0.4328
0.213
483
−120
95
−93
493
112
74
11.4
3.9
2.92
−3.858
26
GF
53
0.4992
0.4240
43
0.4873
0.3994
0.4600
0.4013
0.216
112
−116
208
164
1285
45
34
14.9
5.2
2.85
−3.611
30
AR
0.4731
0.4004
0.217
95
−87
212
−40
240
1
28
12.6
5.5
2.29
−3.663
28
GW
0.4690
0.4070
0.215
73
−69
186
−80
323
5
25
13.8
6.0
2.31
−3.586
27
GF
54
0.5561
0.3999
55
0.5649
0.3962
0.5554
0.3813
0.211
66
−15
241
−63
136
−4
5
11.0
5.7
1.94
−3.707
25
AR
0.5554
0.3724
0.207
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
GW
0.5179
0.3740
0.209
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
GF
45
0.2670
0.4240
56
0.2800
0.4195
0.2725
0.4034
0.213
623
−49
47
92
4513
−603
85
13.5
3.5
3.82
−3.826
27
AR
0.2734
0.3985
0.213
474
−113
111
−77
467
−93
74
10.3
3.9
2.54
−3.910
23
GW
0.2791
0.4024
0.212
293
68
118
−165
761
62
109
9.1
5.0
1.83
−3.849
27
GF
46
0.3753
0.3867
57
0.3861
0.3830
0.3616
0.3700
0.211
492
−211
325
−193
535
26
56
6.6
3.5
1.87
−4.142
30
AR
0.3686
0.3711
0.215
192
−132
192
−66
177
20
45
11.4
4.9
2.33
−3.753
25
GW
0.3644
0.3687
0.211
134
−76
139
−137
340
22
44
11.4
6.1
1.87
−3.665
27
GF
58
0.5321
0.3115
59
0.5138
0.2974
0.5115
0.2993
0.213
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
AR
0.4978
0.2945
0.217
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
GW
0.4962
0.2945
0.214
32
−12
178
−80
416
−2
5
15.9
6.6
2.41
−3.482
30
GF
60
0.2699
0.3481
61
0.2848
0.3665
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
AR
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
GW
0.2853
0.3473
0.210
169
−35
97
−25
323
−54
68
9.7
6.5
1.49
−3.701
28
GF
61
0.2848
0.3665
60
0.2699
0.3481
0.2705
0.3622
0.214
480
−188
296
133
503
−143
58
6.6
3.6
1.83
−4.125
57
AR
0.2768
0.3677
0.215
429
−172
249
164
448
−142
59
7.3
3.8
1.92
−4.054
58
GW
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
GF
62
0.4735
0.3096
63
0.4563
0.2954
0.4502
0.3037
0.217
76
−22
329
138
287
−70
5
10.2
4.9
2.11
−3.807
27
AR
0.4476
0.2945
0.215
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
GW
0.4497
0.3074
0.212
87
−7
231
−104
713
35
3
9.5
5.8
1.64
−3.761
25
GF
64
0.4146
0.2885
65
0.3991
0.2751
0.3955
0.2818
0.221
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
AR
0.3916
0.2720
0.213
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
GW
0.3962
0.2830
0.213
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
Entries denoted by an asterisk (*) indicate that the observed colors (i,j)k were distributed around the mean in a manner that did not warrant the calculation of a cdm ellipsoid. In such instances, only the mean color (i,j) is recorded. Entries denoted by (⋯) indicate that the observer did not make any observations.
Table II
Results of some of the individual sessions of the color-difference-matching experiment for observers GF, AR, and GW.
Obs.
Test color (i)
Test color (P)
Mean color (i,j)
cdm ellipsoid coefficients
cdm ellipse (cross section)
Points obs’d.
(i)
xi
yi
(j)
xj
yj
x0
y0
l0
g11
g12
g22
g23
g33
g13
θ
a
b
a/b
log10A
GF
27
0.5741
0.3184
25
0.5868
0.3360
0.6011
0.3272
0.215
148
8
308
−25
101
−49
177
7.3
5.0
1.44
−3.940
28
0.6105
0.3255
0.209
120
81
274
−6
221
−66
157
9.6
5.0
1.90
−3.821
30
0.6028
0.3261
0.213
90
73
382
19
106
26
167
10.4
4.4
2.25
−3.841
30
0.6036
0.3271
0.212
74
112
500
53
93
42
166
13.0
3.8
3.37
−3.805
30
0.6016
0.3235
0.212
71
62
298
14
52
13
166
11.8
5.0
2.37
−3.731
30
34
0.3101
0.3163
35
0.3251
0.3325
0.3188
0.3167
0.216
143
−113
157
−48
227
56
43
14.7
5.4
2.69
−3.600
28
0.3275
0.3190
0.213
102
−51
67
−14
176
−22
55
16.0
7.5
2.12
−3.424
29
0.3250
0.3210
0.216
222
−144
152
−55
143
34
52
14.3
4.8
2.96
−3.664
30
0.3276
0.3245
0.216
270
−188
200
−51
235
67
50
13.4
4.3
3.12
−3.745
27
0.3295
0.3294
0.217
388
−194
309
−277
755
113
51
7.2
3.8
1.90
−4.068
28
39
0.2996
0.3191
34
0.3101
0.3163
0.2930
0.3010
0.215
148
−35
59
−15
92
−28
71
12.9
7.0
1.84
−3.548
28
0.2935
0.3008
0.214
272
−106
183
−129
338
119
56
8.3
4.8
1.75
−3.903
28
0.2896
0.2965
0.213
157
−11
44
−42
201
−54
85
13.4
7.0
1.91
−3.528
28
0.2946
0.2997
0.215
81
−38
106
−81
199
24
36
12.1
7.6
1.59
−3.536
28
0.2922
0.2965
0.217
149
−88
99
−87
230
104
53
15.4
6.0
2.56
−3.534
30
AR
26
0.5943
0.3333
27
0.5741
0.3184
0.5690
0.3321
0.216
117
51
457
152
164
14
172
8.4
4.1
2.06
−3.964
30
0.5702
0.3324
0.214
190
141
609
−2
237
15
163
7.3
3.5
2.10
−4.102
30
0.5704
0.3337
0.216
387
470
1014
−142
232
−179
152
7.6
2.5
3.06
−4.226
30
0.5701
0.3322
0.218
224
168
760
−50
278
−158
164
6.7
3.2
2.14
−4.187
30
0.5684
0.3339
0.217
72
59
915
18
192
−3
176
10.7
2.9
3.67
−4.009
30
35
0.3251
0.3325
34
0.3101
0.3163
0.3163
0.3340
0.218
522
−400
631
216
330
−122
41
6.7
2.8
2.38
−4.228
30
0.3153
0.3345
0.220
621
−242
637
382
492
−84
44
4.5
3.0
1.50
−4.374
30
0.3141
0.3351
0.220
757
−710
1339
697
720
−441
34
5.3
2.1
2.55
−4.463
30
0.3136
0.3343
0.220
1393
−645
962
382
505
−503
54
4.0
2.0
1.93
−4.593
30
0.3159
0.3372
0.218
1999
−1642
1791
299
257
−362
47
5.6
1.5
3.77
−4.583
30
37
0.3061
0.2984
34
0.3101
0.3163
0.3228
0.3136
0.214
400
−168
410
13
179
115
44
5.7
3.7
1.55
−4.177
30
0.3211
0.3151
0.212
838
−948
1509
−351
463
202
35
6.8
1.9
3.60
−4.392
30
0.3213
0.3145
0.215
891
−449
450
−217
483
392
58
6.8
2.6
2.62
−4.260
30
0.3209
0.3136
0.215
518
−337
523
−10
422
−88
45
6.5
3.0
2.16
−4.209
30
0.3195
0.3132
0.214
515
−314
480
−133
396
258
47
6.5
3.1
2.11
−4.196
30
GW
29
0.3545
0.4518
30
0.3477
0.4240
0.3362
0.4289
0.214
471
−107
121
−195
829
359
74
9.3
4.0
2.35
−3.942
29
0.3371
0.4323
0.215
525
−64
100
−68
537
−78
82
9.3
3.8
2.43
−3.954
30
0.3380
0.4312
0.214
618
12
171
−192
766
−173
92
6.8
3.6
1.90
−4.122
29
0.3354
0.4305
0.218
821
−334
394
−287
683
59
61
6.1
2.8
2.18
−4.274
30
34
0.3101
0.3163
37
0.3061
0.2984
0.2980
0.3021
0.217
764
−236
166
−86
837
61
71
9.7
3.0
3.18
−4.034
30
0.2984
0.3028
0.216
605
−336
274
−246
748
268
58
10.7
3.1
3.45
−3.981
30
0.2976
0.3050
0.217
877
−356
260
−48
481
211
65
8.9
2.7
3.26
−4.114
30
0.2969
0.3062
0.218
1103
−397
285
−35
734
−184
68
7.9
2.5
3.19
−4.208
30
0.2956
0.3028
0.214
854
−259
285
−84
1214
493
69
6.5
2.9
2.27
−4.234
30
34
0.3101
0.3163
39
0.2996
0.3191
0.3188
0.3423
0.213
338
−185
346
82
1045
194
44
7.0
3.8
1.83
−4.069
30
0.3207
0.3426
0.215
420
−244
339
376
1761
−173
50
7.7
3.5
2.18
−4.070
30
0.3187
0.3415
0.215
568
−214
391
129
948
104
56
5.6
3.3
1.69
−4.233
30
0.3196
0.3431
0.215
643
−281
386
242
1544
258
57
6.2
3.1
2.00
−4.225
30
0.3190
0.3419
0.215
777
−380
643
344
1692
158
50
4.9
2.7
1.84
−4.385
30
Table III
Differencesa between corresponding mean colors (i,j) of different observers.
Mean color (i,j)
AR–GF
GW–GF
Differences e
GF–GW
AR–GW
GF–AR
GW–AR
(1,2)
0.33
0.75
0.45
1.50
1.88
1.36
(3,4)
1.21
0.45
1.05
0.82
0.58
1.12
(5,6)
2.65 N
2.33
2.92 N
0.38
1.64
0.29
(7,8)
1.09
2.85 N
0.70
2.69 N
2.62 N
3.67 N
(9,10)
0.67
1.98 N
0.82
1.61
2.72 N
2.22
(11,12)
1.11
0.40
0.77
0.64
0.45
1.29
(13,14)
2.05
0.63
1.12
1.41
0.60
1.96
(15,16)
0.97
1.16
1.16
0.42
1.59
0.79
(17,18)
1.63
1.05
1.17
1.02
1.08
1.04
(19,20)
*
*
0.84
0.71
0.23
0.85
(36,19)
1.36
1.81
2.36
3.84
1.02
1.27
(20,36)
*
*
0.92
0.55
0.36
0.42
(21,22)
1.05
1.69
1.18
0.60
1.15
0.53
(23,24)
1.37
0.78
1.76
1.07
1.13
0.91
(25,26)
0.22
1.31
0.34
1.59
1.37
1.12
(27,25)
0.71
1.31
0.71
0.65
1.49
0.71
(26,27)
0.80
1.73
1.29
1.97
1.25
1.01
(29,30)
0.65
1.03
0.50
0.41
0.95
0.41
(28,29)
0.48
1.44
*
*
1.71
2.19
(30,28)
0.38
1.04
0.47
1.75
0.88
1.22
(31,32)
1.73
1.63
1.44
0.14
1.40
0.14
(32,33)
1.87
0.62
0.79
0.91
0.24
1.17
(33,31)
0.35
4.85 N
0.28
3.11 N
1.81 N
1.91 N
(34,35)
0.46
0.65
1.05
2.54 N
1.37
2.27 N
(35,34)
1.93
1.31
2.07
2.09
1.31
1.72
(34,37)
0.56
0.33
1.00
1.00
0.50
0.86
(37,34)
1.27
1.31
2.51
2.95
0.98
1.33
(34,39)
1.11 N
0.26
4.59 N
4.85 N
0.50
2.66 N
(39,34)
0.41
0.77
0.71
0.64
1.74
0.81
(41,51)
0.73
2.08
0.81
1.34
1.26
0.86
(52,42)
1.26
0.71
1.10
1.33
0.72
1.28
(53,43)
1.70
0.89
1.54
2.22
0.87
1.99
(54,55)
1.57
3.47
*
*
*
*
(45,56)
0.48
2.02
0.63
1.34
1.38
1.33
(46,57)
1.66
0.64
1.00
0.61
0.35
0.55
(58,59)
*
*
*
*
1.59
1.84
(60,61)
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
(61,60)
1.54
⋯
1.42
⋯
⋯
⋯
(62,63)
2.02
0.61
*
*
0.52
2.24
(64,65)
*
*
*
*
*
*
Av. diff.
1.13
1.35
1.22
1.48
1.15
1.32
A difference e < 1 indicates that the mean color of the observer named first lies inside the cdm ellipse of the observer named last. When e > 1 the mean color lies outside. An asterisk (*) indicates that no calculations were made because the cdm ellipse for the observer named last was not available. (⋯) indicates that no observations were made by the observer named last. The letter N following a difference e indicates that the cdm ellipses of both observers do not overlap.
Tables (3)
Table I
Mean resultsa of the color-difference-matching experiment for observers GF, AR, and GW.
Obs.
Test color (i)
Test color (j)
Mean color (i,j)
cdm ellipsoid coefficients
cdm ellipse (cross section)
Points obs’d.
(i)
x
y
(j)
x
y
x0
y0
l0
g11
g12
g22
g23
g33
g13
θ
a
b
a/b
log10A
GF
1
0.4786
0.4327
2
0.4673
0.4073
0.4370
0.4057
0.215
38
−36
99
5
77
12
25
19.1
8.2
2.32
−3.307
28
AR
0.4346
0.4075
0.217
156
−63
122
60
168
−69
52
10.3
6.2
1.67
−3.697
30
GW
0.4472
0.4145
0.215
69
−132
636
−402
927
69
12
14.0
3.4
4.07
−3.824
28
GF
3
0.3909
0.4375
4
0.3828
0.4111
0.3656
0.4039
0.214
138
−95
97
−25
231
−37
51
19.6
6.0
3.25
−3.430
29
AR
0.3550
0.4006
0.212
102
−71
99
32
183
−19
46
16.3
6.8
2.41
−3.460
30
GW
0.3651
0.4074
0.215
193
−135
178
−126
369
93
47
12.4
4.9
2.52
−3.715
30
GF
5
0.2928
0.4151
6
0.3103
0.4377
0.3012
0.4035
0.215
364
−10
187
−156
550
−139
87
6.5
4.6
1.40
−4.026
49
AR
0.3116
0.4119
0.215
503
−37
191
−164
717
59
83
6.5
3.9
1.65
−4.098
28
GW
0.3111
0.4100
0.214
188
−23
137
−116
676
10
69
7.8
6.3
1.24
−3.812
30
GF
7
0.4932
0.3462
8
0.4830
0.3273
0.4613
0.3367
0.220
60
104
507
−284
414
−62
168
14.6
3.8
3.79
−3.756
53
AR
0.4560
0.3341
0.215
94
−61
378
−73
508
47
12
9.8
4.5
2.20
−3.861
30
GW
0.4659
0.3471
0.216
111
89
408
−313
1100
−125
165
9.5
4.2
2.24
−3.896
27
GF
9
0.3079
0.3595
10
0.2926
0.3417
0.2955
0.3532
0.213
231
−74
101
−5
322
−60
66
10.8
5.4
1.99
−3.735
25
AR
0.2951
0.3582
0.216
210
−119
156
51
187
−118
51
11.3
5.1
2.24
−3.745
30
GW
0.3031
0.3729
0.215
284
−54
146
−22
322
12
71
7.8
5.1
1.54
−3.904
28
GF
11
0.4459
0.4809
12
0.4572
0.4756
0.4363
0.4620
0.215
1155
−120
140
21
154
−37
47
16.9
5.4
3.14
−3.542
28
AR
0.4313
0.4505
0.216
219
−80
61
−41
304
28
67
16.9
5.6
3.04
−3.529
30
GW
0.4359
0.4587
0.215
282
−94
176
−67
634
1
60
8.0
4.8
1.67
−3.916
30
GF
13
0.4382
0.3417
14
0.4475
0.3387
0.4361
0.3364
0.214
238
220
1099
−502
476
−37
166
6.5
2.6
2.49
−4.275
27
AR
0.4313
0.3320
0.215
194
−143
660
−544
985
122
16
7.1
3.3
2.13
−4.126
30
GW
0.4325
0.3371
0.215
203
191
1103
−500
1452
−173
168
6.9
2.6
2.64
−4.247
27
GF
15
0.3756
0.3182
16
0.3822
0.3371
0.3928
0.3334
0.214
128
−50
184
−95
347
−5
30
8.9
6.1
1.47
−3.771
29
AR
0.4014
0.3347
0.211
210
−122
213
−146
301
147
45
9.4
4.8
1.93
−3.847
29
GW
0.4019
0.3384
0.212
232
−164
630
−371
813
−78
20
6.7
3.4
2.00
−4.147
28
GF
17
0.2282
0.2815
18
0.2295
0.2987
0.2410
0.2989
0.216
184
−22
176
−83
311
−62
50
7.0
6.2
1.13
−3.862
25
AR
0.2478
0.3084
0.216
290
−125
151
43
737
−96
59
10.0
4.6
2.17
−3.835
27
GW
0.2422
0.3063
0.215
261
−74
201
−209
673
60
56
7.2
5.0
1.43
−3.946
28
GF
19
0.3310
0.2749
20
0.3451
0.2886
0.3376
0.2760
0.213
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
60
AR
0.3432
0.2766
0.214
331
−328
550
−211
731
174
36
9.1
3.2
2.88
−4.047
53
GW
0.3382
0.2754
0.214
392
−291
416
−56
403
−47
44
8.3
3.4
2.48
−4.057
60
GF
36
0.3402
0.2727
19
0.3310
0.2749
0.3352
0.2816
0.221
161
−225
799
−429
1641
25
18
9.3
3.0
3.12
−4.056
29
AR
0.3411
0.2803
0.218
645
−645
1421
331
481
−41
29
5.3
2.1
2.52
−4.460
28
GW
0.3408
0.2893
0.217
180
−70
155
−97
656
2
50
9.0
5.7
1.57
−3.791
27
GF
20
0.3451
0.2886
36
0.3402
0.2727
0.3258
0.2713
0.218
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
AR
0.3256
0.2673
0.217
302
−284
424
−184
460
81
39
10.4
3.5
3.01
−3.947
20
GW
0.3274
0.2695
0.216
327
−219
263
−301
1033
354
49
10.3
3.9
2.65
−3.900
56
GF
21
0.2861
0.2531
22
0.2766
0.2551
0.2878
0.2701
0.215
310
−120
221
−224
841
24
55
7.5
4.5
1.69
−3.977
30
AR
0.2913
0.2767
0.218
746
−521
536
58
348
−43
51
8.4
2.6
3.26
−4.166
27
GW
0.2935
0.2808
0.217
519
−201
151
−78
736
−71
66
11.2
3.6
3.12
−3.900
30
GF
23
0.2054
0.2544
24
0.2156
0.2523
0.2052
0.2406
0.212
197
−19
134
−50
711
−280
75
7.9
6.2
1.27
−3.813
59
AR
0.2069
0.2308
0.215
529
−83
188
−141
530
−165
77
6.8
3.8
1.80
−4.093
27
GW
0.2087
0.2383
0.214
381
−103
159
−163
726
132
69
8.1
4.3
1.88
−3.960
51
GF
25
0.5868
0.3360
26
0.5943
0.3333
0.5855
0.3305
0.218
63
77
361
−28
149
−19
166
13.4
4.5
2.94
−3.721
240
AR
0.5859
0.3293
0.215
185
30
901
−27
138
21
176
6.5
2.9
2.21
−4.220
239
GW
0.5788
0.3263
0.217
50
49
617
−43
467
−26
175
13.1
3.6
3.69
−3.836
30
GF
27
0.5741
0.3184
25
0.5868
0.3360
0.6039
0.3259
0.212
78
62
331
7
84
10
167
11.1
4.8
2.34
−3.779
148
AR
0.6016
0.3229
0.214
75
31
363
−95
122
−13
174
10.4
4.6
2.26
−3.820
26
GW
0.6015
0.3205
0.212
78
59
442
−60
232
−7
171
10.7
4.2
2.56
−3.856
28
GF
26
0.5943
0.3333
27
0.5741
0.3184
0.5670
0.3376
0.223
47
37
222
−1
103
1
169
14.1
5.8
2.42
−3.588
149
AR
0.5696
0.3328
0.216
129
95
595
61
179
−26
169
8.4
3.6
2.36
−4.025
150
GW
0.5582
0.3301
0.215
46
1
129
5
615
14
179
13.0
7.8
1.67
−3.497
25
GF
29
0.3545
0.4518
30
0.3477
0.4240
0.3368
0.4242
0.212
355
−127
167
−607
3913
277
63
8.7
4.3
2.02
−3.927
28
AR
0.3384
0.4289
0.221
295
−139
121
23
223
−68
61
13.2
4.6
2.88
−3.720
30
GW
0.3367
0.4307
0.216
484
−76
144
−143
603
38
78
7.8
4.0
1.98
−4.014
118
GF
28
0.3355
0.4285
29
0.3545
0.4518
0.3422
0.4266
0.224
246
−129
113
−93
697
11
59
15.0
4.9
3.06
−3.635
29
AR
0.3418
0.4307
0.221
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
60
GW
0.3378
0.4108
0.217
237
−103
124
−2
740
102
59
11.1
5.1
2.17
−3.747
26
GF
30
0.3477
0.4240
28
0.3355
0.4285
0.3493
0.4461
0.218
287
−65
84
−76
509
135
74
11.0
5.1
2.17
−3.759
28
AR
0.3471
0.4429
0.218
500
−140
162
62
297
135
70
8.4
3.8
2.22
−4.005
29
GW
0.3552
0.4499
0.214
173
−31
82
−36
549
167
73
10.4
6.5
1.59
−3.671
29
GF
31
0.2492
0.2769
32
0.2617
0.2912
0.2530
0.2710
0.217
477
−224
407
−161
1860
−251
49
6.0
3.4
1.77
−4.189
30
AR
0.2598
0.2709
0.219
338
−139
146
−6
611
−53
62
10.4
4.4
2.38
−3.848
25
GW
0.2603
0.2716
0.215
332
−101
160
−61
155
48
65
8.3
4.3
1.82
−3.928
28
GF
32
0.2617
0.2912
33
0.2594
0.2746
0.2522
0.2740
0.216
1216
−502
773
−611
3076
−448
57
4.2
2.3
1.86
−4.529
30
AR
0.2487
0.2674
0.217
662
−148
106
−2
330
−126
76
10.7
3.3
3.19
−3.951
30
GW
0.2520
0.2761
0.218
484
−54
112
−51
570
−81
82
8.6
4.0
2.17
−3.966
60
GF
33
0.2594
0.2746
31
0.2492
0.2769
0.2607
0.2866
0.223
961
−742
1380
−1248
4517
52
37
4.4
2.0
2.20
−4.555
28
AR
0.2625
0.2870
0.219
644
−498
530
56
289
30
48
9.6
2.7
3.57
−4.094
30
GW
0.2623
0.2993
0.217
761
−154
200
−268
2046
−300
76
7.0
3.1
2.23
−4.164
28
GF
34
0.3101
0.3163
35
0.3251
0.3325
0.3257
0.3221
0.216
173
−110
135
−46
210
27
50
13.5
5.4
2.49
−3.638
142
AR
0.3292
0.3268
0.216
582
−303
492
−124
244
111
49
5.8
3.0
1.91
−4.255
150
GW
0.3209
0.3150
0.215
409
−76
197
−213
549
10
72
6.7
4.2
1.59
−4.047
30
GF
35
0.3251
0.3325
34
0.3101
0.3163
0.3181
0.3314
0.216
822
−523
533
34
399
−150
53
7.6
2.5
3.00
−4.219
148
AR
0.3150
0.3350
0.219
767
−514
803
294
375
−226
44
5.4
2.4
2.19
−4.384
150
GW
0.3117
0.3269
0.216
571
−323
527
−234
911
50
47
5.9
3.0
1.97
−4.257
30
GF
34
0.3101
0.3163
37
0.3061
0.2984
0.2986
0.3054
0.215
293
−108
108
−39
206
−24
65
11.6
4.8
2.43
−3.760
148
AR
0.2969
0.2987
0.214
568
−238
312
−106
218
16
59
6.8
3.3
2.05
−4.150
148
GW
0.2973
0.3038
0.216
745
−304
238
−104
668
154
65
9.1
3.0
3.05
−4.074
150
GF
37
0.3061
0.2984
34
0.3101
0.3163
0.3232
0.3246
0.218
383
−135
143
−62
272
39
66
9.8
4.2
2.33
−3.890
112
AR
0.3211
0.3140
0.214
497
−323
510
−81
294
127
44
6.6
3.1
2.14
−4.198
150
GW
0.3295
0.3292
0.213
260
−127
120
−57
491
103
59
13.2
4.8
2.73
−3.699
146
GF
34
0.3101
0.3163
39
0.2996
0.3191
0.3206
0.3416
0.221
132
−51
68
−40
163
34
61
14.1
7.0
2.02
−3.510
150
AR
0.3135
0.3275
0.215
1207
−836
1371
−128
224
188
42
4.2
1.9
2.18
−4.600
145
GW
0.3194
0.3422
0.215
490
−239
389
201
1293
119
51
6.3
3.4
1.87
−4.173
150
GF
39
0.2996
0.3191
34
0.3101
0.3163
0.2926
0.2989
0.215
122
−41
74
−44
160
15
60
12.4
7.3
1.69
−3.545
142
AR
0.2956
0.3027
0.215
659
−359
421
−46
203
60
54
7.0
2.9
2.38
−4.196
149
GW
0.2986
0.3062
0.213
593
−255
483
−162
836
246
51
5.3
3.1
1.70
−4.283
147
GF
41
0.3425
0.5280
51
0.3565
0.5216
0.3388
0.5068
0.213
132
−18
37
−13
386
−7
80
15.3
7.6
2.01
−3.438
27
AR
0.3383
0.4962
0.219
134
−44
49
−30
243
−66
67
16.0
7.2
2.23
−3.445
30
GW
0.3324
0.4756
0.213
150
−30
19
−33
550
49
78
25.2
7.1
3.57
−3.252
28
GF
52
0.2848
0.4474
42
0.3022
0.4725
0.2941
0.4384
0.217
546
−68
109
−87
573
−137
81
8.9
3.8
2.38
−3.979
30
AR
0.2975
0.4467
0.222
341
−9
59
−59
189
−26
88
11.5
4.8
2.41
−3.761
29
GW
0.2954
0.4328
0.213
483
−120
95
−93
493
112
74
11.4
3.9
2.92
−3.858
26
GF
53
0.4992
0.4240
43
0.4873
0.3994
0.4600
0.4013
0.216
112
−116
208
164
1285
45
34
14.9
5.2
2.85
−3.611
30
AR
0.4731
0.4004
0.217
95
−87
212
−40
240
1
28
12.6
5.5
2.29
−3.663
28
GW
0.4690
0.4070
0.215
73
−69
186
−80
323
5
25
13.8
6.0
2.31
−3.586
27
GF
54
0.5561
0.3999
55
0.5649
0.3962
0.5554
0.3813
0.211
66
−15
241
−63
136
−4
5
11.0
5.7
1.94
−3.707
25
AR
0.5554
0.3724
0.207
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
GW
0.5179
0.3740
0.209
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
GF
45
0.2670
0.4240
56
0.2800
0.4195
0.2725
0.4034
0.213
623
−49
47
92
4513
−603
85
13.5
3.5
3.82
−3.826
27
AR
0.2734
0.3985
0.213
474
−113
111
−77
467
−93
74
10.3
3.9
2.54
−3.910
23
GW
0.2791
0.4024
0.212
293
68
118
−165
761
62
109
9.1
5.0
1.83
−3.849
27
GF
46
0.3753
0.3867
57
0.3861
0.3830
0.3616
0.3700
0.211
492
−211
325
−193
535
26
56
6.6
3.5
1.87
−4.142
30
AR
0.3686
0.3711
0.215
192
−132
192
−66
177
20
45
11.4
4.9
2.33
−3.753
25
GW
0.3644
0.3687
0.211
134
−76
139
−137
340
22
44
11.4
6.1
1.87
−3.665
27
GF
58
0.5321
0.3115
59
0.5138
0.2974
0.5115
0.2993
0.213
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
AR
0.4978
0.2945
0.217
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
GW
0.4962
0.2945
0.214
32
−12
178
−80
416
−2
5
15.9
6.6
2.41
−3.482
30
GF
60
0.2699
0.3481
61
0.2848
0.3665
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
AR
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
GW
0.2853
0.3473
0.210
169
−35
97
−25
323
−54
68
9.7
6.5
1.49
−3.701
28
GF
61
0.2848
0.3665
60
0.2699
0.3481
0.2705
0.3622
0.214
480
−188
296
133
503
−143
58
6.6
3.6
1.83
−4.125
57
AR
0.2768
0.3677
0.215
429
−172
249
164
448
−142
59
7.3
3.8
1.92
−4.054
58
GW
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
GF
62
0.4735
0.3096
63
0.4563
0.2954
0.4502
0.3037
0.217
76
−22
329
138
287
−70
5
10.2
4.9
2.11
−3.807
27
AR
0.4476
0.2945
0.215
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
GW
0.4497
0.3074
0.212
87
−7
231
−104
713
35
3
9.5
5.8
1.64
−3.761
25
GF
64
0.4146
0.2885
65
0.3991
0.2751
0.3955
0.2818
0.221
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
AR
0.3916
0.2720
0.213
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
GW
0.3962
0.2830
0.213
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
30
Entries denoted by an asterisk (*) indicate that the observed colors (i,j)k were distributed around the mean in a manner that did not warrant the calculation of a cdm ellipsoid. In such instances, only the mean color (i,j) is recorded. Entries denoted by (⋯) indicate that the observer did not make any observations.
Table II
Results of some of the individual sessions of the color-difference-matching experiment for observers GF, AR, and GW.
Obs.
Test color (i)
Test color (P)
Mean color (i,j)
cdm ellipsoid coefficients
cdm ellipse (cross section)
Points obs’d.
(i)
xi
yi
(j)
xj
yj
x0
y0
l0
g11
g12
g22
g23
g33
g13
θ
a
b
a/b
log10A
GF
27
0.5741
0.3184
25
0.5868
0.3360
0.6011
0.3272
0.215
148
8
308
−25
101
−49
177
7.3
5.0
1.44
−3.940
28
0.6105
0.3255
0.209
120
81
274
−6
221
−66
157
9.6
5.0
1.90
−3.821
30
0.6028
0.3261
0.213
90
73
382
19
106
26
167
10.4
4.4
2.25
−3.841
30
0.6036
0.3271
0.212
74
112
500
53
93
42
166
13.0
3.8
3.37
−3.805
30
0.6016
0.3235
0.212
71
62
298
14
52
13
166
11.8
5.0
2.37
−3.731
30
34
0.3101
0.3163
35
0.3251
0.3325
0.3188
0.3167
0.216
143
−113
157
−48
227
56
43
14.7
5.4
2.69
−3.600
28
0.3275
0.3190
0.213
102
−51
67
−14
176
−22
55
16.0
7.5
2.12
−3.424
29
0.3250
0.3210
0.216
222
−144
152
−55
143
34
52
14.3
4.8
2.96
−3.664
30
0.3276
0.3245
0.216
270
−188
200
−51
235
67
50
13.4
4.3
3.12
−3.745
27
0.3295
0.3294
0.217
388
−194
309
−277
755
113
51
7.2
3.8
1.90
−4.068
28
39
0.2996
0.3191
34
0.3101
0.3163
0.2930
0.3010
0.215
148
−35
59
−15
92
−28
71
12.9
7.0
1.84
−3.548
28
0.2935
0.3008
0.214
272
−106
183
−129
338
119
56
8.3
4.8
1.75
−3.903
28
0.2896
0.2965
0.213
157
−11
44
−42
201
−54
85
13.4
7.0
1.91
−3.528
28
0.2946
0.2997
0.215
81
−38
106
−81
199
24
36
12.1
7.6
1.59
−3.536
28
0.2922
0.2965
0.217
149
−88
99
−87
230
104
53
15.4
6.0
2.56
−3.534
30
AR
26
0.5943
0.3333
27
0.5741
0.3184
0.5690
0.3321
0.216
117
51
457
152
164
14
172
8.4
4.1
2.06
−3.964
30
0.5702
0.3324
0.214
190
141
609
−2
237
15
163
7.3
3.5
2.10
−4.102
30
0.5704
0.3337
0.216
387
470
1014
−142
232
−179
152
7.6
2.5
3.06
−4.226
30
0.5701
0.3322
0.218
224
168
760
−50
278
−158
164
6.7
3.2
2.14
−4.187
30
0.5684
0.3339
0.217
72
59
915
18
192
−3
176
10.7
2.9
3.67
−4.009
30
35
0.3251
0.3325
34
0.3101
0.3163
0.3163
0.3340
0.218
522
−400
631
216
330
−122
41
6.7
2.8
2.38
−4.228
30
0.3153
0.3345
0.220
621
−242
637
382
492
−84
44
4.5
3.0
1.50
−4.374
30
0.3141
0.3351
0.220
757
−710
1339
697
720
−441
34
5.3
2.1
2.55
−4.463
30
0.3136
0.3343
0.220
1393
−645
962
382
505
−503
54
4.0
2.0
1.93
−4.593
30
0.3159
0.3372
0.218
1999
−1642
1791
299
257
−362
47
5.6
1.5
3.77
−4.583
30
37
0.3061
0.2984
34
0.3101
0.3163
0.3228
0.3136
0.214
400
−168
410
13
179
115
44
5.7
3.7
1.55
−4.177
30
0.3211
0.3151
0.212
838
−948
1509
−351
463
202
35
6.8
1.9
3.60
−4.392
30
0.3213
0.3145
0.215
891
−449
450
−217
483
392
58
6.8
2.6
2.62
−4.260
30
0.3209
0.3136
0.215
518
−337
523
−10
422
−88
45
6.5
3.0
2.16
−4.209
30
0.3195
0.3132
0.214
515
−314
480
−133
396
258
47
6.5
3.1
2.11
−4.196
30
GW
29
0.3545
0.4518
30
0.3477
0.4240
0.3362
0.4289
0.214
471
−107
121
−195
829
359
74
9.3
4.0
2.35
−3.942
29
0.3371
0.4323
0.215
525
−64
100
−68
537
−78
82
9.3
3.8
2.43
−3.954
30
0.3380
0.4312
0.214
618
12
171
−192
766
−173
92
6.8
3.6
1.90
−4.122
29
0.3354
0.4305
0.218
821
−334
394
−287
683
59
61
6.1
2.8
2.18
−4.274
30
34
0.3101
0.3163
37
0.3061
0.2984
0.2980
0.3021
0.217
764
−236
166
−86
837
61
71
9.7
3.0
3.18
−4.034
30
0.2984
0.3028
0.216
605
−336
274
−246
748
268
58
10.7
3.1
3.45
−3.981
30
0.2976
0.3050
0.217
877
−356
260
−48
481
211
65
8.9
2.7
3.26
−4.114
30
0.2969
0.3062
0.218
1103
−397
285
−35
734
−184
68
7.9
2.5
3.19
−4.208
30
0.2956
0.3028
0.214
854
−259
285
−84
1214
493
69
6.5
2.9
2.27
−4.234
30
34
0.3101
0.3163
39
0.2996
0.3191
0.3188
0.3423
0.213
338
−185
346
82
1045
194
44
7.0
3.8
1.83
−4.069
30
0.3207
0.3426
0.215
420
−244
339
376
1761
−173
50
7.7
3.5
2.18
−4.070
30
0.3187
0.3415
0.215
568
−214
391
129
948
104
56
5.6
3.3
1.69
−4.233
30
0.3196
0.3431
0.215
643
−281
386
242
1544
258
57
6.2
3.1
2.00
−4.225
30
0.3190
0.3419
0.215
777
−380
643
344
1692
158
50
4.9
2.7
1.84
−4.385
30
Table III
Differencesa between corresponding mean colors (i,j) of different observers.
Mean color (i,j)
AR–GF
GW–GF
Differences e
GF–GW
AR–GW
GF–AR
GW–AR
(1,2)
0.33
0.75
0.45
1.50
1.88
1.36
(3,4)
1.21
0.45
1.05
0.82
0.58
1.12
(5,6)
2.65 N
2.33
2.92 N
0.38
1.64
0.29
(7,8)
1.09
2.85 N
0.70
2.69 N
2.62 N
3.67 N
(9,10)
0.67
1.98 N
0.82
1.61
2.72 N
2.22
(11,12)
1.11
0.40
0.77
0.64
0.45
1.29
(13,14)
2.05
0.63
1.12
1.41
0.60
1.96
(15,16)
0.97
1.16
1.16
0.42
1.59
0.79
(17,18)
1.63
1.05
1.17
1.02
1.08
1.04
(19,20)
*
*
0.84
0.71
0.23
0.85
(36,19)
1.36
1.81
2.36
3.84
1.02
1.27
(20,36)
*
*
0.92
0.55
0.36
0.42
(21,22)
1.05
1.69
1.18
0.60
1.15
0.53
(23,24)
1.37
0.78
1.76
1.07
1.13
0.91
(25,26)
0.22
1.31
0.34
1.59
1.37
1.12
(27,25)
0.71
1.31
0.71
0.65
1.49
0.71
(26,27)
0.80
1.73
1.29
1.97
1.25
1.01
(29,30)
0.65
1.03
0.50
0.41
0.95
0.41
(28,29)
0.48
1.44
*
*
1.71
2.19
(30,28)
0.38
1.04
0.47
1.75
0.88
1.22
(31,32)
1.73
1.63
1.44
0.14
1.40
0.14
(32,33)
1.87
0.62
0.79
0.91
0.24
1.17
(33,31)
0.35
4.85 N
0.28
3.11 N
1.81 N
1.91 N
(34,35)
0.46
0.65
1.05
2.54 N
1.37
2.27 N
(35,34)
1.93
1.31
2.07
2.09
1.31
1.72
(34,37)
0.56
0.33
1.00
1.00
0.50
0.86
(37,34)
1.27
1.31
2.51
2.95
0.98
1.33
(34,39)
1.11 N
0.26
4.59 N
4.85 N
0.50
2.66 N
(39,34)
0.41
0.77
0.71
0.64
1.74
0.81
(41,51)
0.73
2.08
0.81
1.34
1.26
0.86
(52,42)
1.26
0.71
1.10
1.33
0.72
1.28
(53,43)
1.70
0.89
1.54
2.22
0.87
1.99
(54,55)
1.57
3.47
*
*
*
*
(45,56)
0.48
2.02
0.63
1.34
1.38
1.33
(46,57)
1.66
0.64
1.00
0.61
0.35
0.55
(58,59)
*
*
*
*
1.59
1.84
(60,61)
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
⋯
(61,60)
1.54
⋯
1.42
⋯
⋯
⋯
(62,63)
2.02
0.61
*
*
0.52
2.24
(64,65)
*
*
*
*
*
*
Av. diff.
1.13
1.35
1.22
1.48
1.15
1.32
A difference e < 1 indicates that the mean color of the observer named first lies inside the cdm ellipse of the observer named last. When e > 1 the mean color lies outside. An asterisk (*) indicates that no calculations were made because the cdm ellipse for the observer named last was not available. (⋯) indicates that no observations were made by the observer named last. The letter N following a difference e indicates that the cdm ellipses of both observers do not overlap.