Abstract

The equilibrium angular distribution of radiation at the surface of a closed, partially specular integrating sphere is described by a Fredholm-type integral equation. The solutions to this equation are shown to be polarized and concentrated off normal. As a consequence, the diffuse character of the radiance in actual integrating spheres is questioned. It is proposed that a more nearly diffuse radiation pattern can be achieved through a simple modification to the construction of integrating spheres.

© 1994 Optical Society of America

Explicit solution of the spectral radiance in integrating spheres with application to the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment ground calibration

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Matrix method for integrating-sphere calculations

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