Calibration of high dynamic range images for applied color and lighting research

Coralie Cauwerts; Sophie Jost; Bertrand Deroisy

doi:10.1364/JOSAA.36.00C130

Journal of the Optical Society of America A
Vol. 36,
Issue 11,
pp. C130-C142
(2019)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.36.00C130

Calibration of high dynamic range images for applied color and lighting research

Coralie Cauwerts, Sophie Jost, and Bertrand Deroisy

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Coralie Cauwerts, Sophie Jost, and Bertrand Deroisy, "Calibration of high dynamic range images for applied color and lighting research," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 36, C130-C142 (2019)

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Abstract

The main objective of this work is to determine the most appropriate high dynamic range picture calibration procedure for measuring luminance and color, in the context of architecture. Three professional digital single-lens reflex cameras fitted with fisheye lenses were tested. Photometric and colorimetric accuracy was assessed in comparison with spectroradiometer measurements of 57 color samples (Macbeth chart and additional Munsell samples). The results demonstrate that using a calibration model specific to the camera–lens association rather than the standardized RGB to XYZ color transform matrix is necessary to achieve an acceptable colorimetric accuracy. Moreover, using a specific color transform matrix reduces the error in luminance, especially for colorful elements. The study also shows the opportunity to share the same color transform matrix between similar photographic materials (same brand and model). Finally, among the three tested devices, one camera–lens association has higher performance and produces better quality QuickTime Virtual Reality panoramas.

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	Camera
Setting	Canon EOS 40D	Canon EOS 50D	Canon EOS 5D Mark II
Sensor size	$22.8 m m * 14.8 m m$	$22.3 m m * 14.9 m m$	$36.0 m m * 24.0 m m$
Sensor type	CMOS APS-C	CMOS APS-C	CMOS 35 mm
Crop factor	1.6	1.6	1
Lens mount type	EF, EF-S	EF, EF-S	EF
Pixels	$\sim 10.1 M$	$\sim 15.1 M$	$\sim 21.0 M$
Definition	$3888 * 2592$	$4752 * 3168$	$5616 * 3744$
File size (.jpg)	$\sim 3.5 M B$	$\sim 5 M B$	$\sim 6.1 M B$
File size (.cr2)	$\sim 12.4 M B$	$\sim 20.2 M B$	$\sim 25.8 M B$

Parameters	Mode
White balance	Daylight ( $\sim 5200 K$ in the Canon system)
Sensitivity	ISO 100
Focusing setting	Manual ( $\sim 50 c m$ )
Picture quality	raw
Exposure mode	Manual

Scene	Device	ISO	Av	Tv
Training	40Dfe45	100	f/10	1.6, 0.8, ½, 1/5, 1/10, 1/20, 1/40
Training	50D fe45	100	f/10	1.6, 0.8, ½, 1/5, 1/10, 1/20, 1/40, 1/80
Training	5Dfe8	100	f/16	8, 4, 2, 1, 0.5, 1/4, 1/8, 1/15
Test	40Dfe45	100	f/10	½, 1/5, 1/10, 1/20, 1/40, 1/80, 1/160
Test	50D fe45	100	f/10	½, 1/5, 1/10, 1/20, 1/40, 1/80, 1/160
Test	5Dfe8	100	f/16	2,1,1/2,/1/4,1/8, 1/15, 1/30, 1/60

		Device
		40Dfe45			50Dfe45			5Dfe8
CTM	Re-scaling	CF_X	CF_Y	CF_Z	CF_X	CF_Y	CF_Z	CF_X	CF_Y	CF_Z
sRGB	1CF	-	1.53	-	-	1.68	-	-	1.73	-
	3CF	1.55	1.53	1.61	1.63	1.68	1.69	1.70	1.73	1.86
minXYZ	1CF	-	0.96	-	-	0.96	-	-	0.98	-
	3CF	0.99	0.96	0.96	1.00	0.96	0.95	0.99	0.98	0.99

	Device
	40Dfe45		50Dfe45		5Dfe8
Calibration Method	MAPE	maximum	MAPE	maximum	MAPE	maximum
sRGB (1CF/3CF)	5.5%	24.2% (#15-red)	4.2%	21.4% (#15-red)	3.6%	19.0% (#15-red)
minXYZ (1CF/3CF)	4.1%	21.2% (5PB 2.5/4)	3.6%	10.7% (5RP 2.5/4)	2.7%	8.7% (#13-blue)

Factors	df	Sum of Squares	Mean Squares	F	pvalue
Sample	56	0.266	0.005	22.356	$< 0, 0001$
Device	2	0.015	0.008	36.083	$< 0, 0001$
CTM	1	0.009	0.009	42.207	$< 0, 0001$
Sample*device	112	0.144	0.001	6.058	$< 0, 0001$
Sample*CTM	56	0.145	0.003	12.216	$< 0, 0001$
Device*CTM	2	0.001	0.001	2.372	0.098

Reference	Camera, Lens	Lighting (test)	Luminance Range ( ${c d / m}^{2}$ )	Merging Tool (Image Format)	CTM	Error in Luminance (MAPE_lum-%)			Color Difference $Δ E_{00}$ (-)
Reference	Camera, Lens	Lighting (test)	Luminance Range ( ${c d / m}^{2}$ )	Merging Tool (Image Format)	CTM	Color	Gray	Black	Mean	Median	Max.
The present study	Canon EOS 40D,	LED	[16-381]	raw2hdr (raw)	sRGB	5.8	3.3	17.4	-	-	-
	Sigma 4.5 mm ^a	@5400K	[16-381]	raw2hdr (raw)	CTM ^d	3.1	3.3	17.5	1.2	1.0	2.9 (cyan)
	Canon EOS 50D,	LED	[16-381]	raw2hdr (raw)	sRGB	4.9	4	10.2	-	-	-
	Sigma 4.5 mm ^a	@5400K	[16-381]	raw2hdr (raw)	CTM ^d	3.8	4	10	1.3	1.2	3.1 (white)
	Canon EOS 5D,	LED	[16-381]	raw2hdr (raw)	sRGB	4.6	1.4	5.3	-	-	-
	Sigma 8 mm ^a	@5400K	[16-381]	raw2hdr (raw)	CTM ^d	3.3	1.4	5.2	1.3	1.2	2.4 (red)
Inanici [6]	Nikon Coolpix 5400,	INC	[1-25]	Photosphere (jpeg)	sRGB	11.2	4.6		-	-	-
Inanici [6]	Nikon FC-E9 ^a	FLUO @3000K	[1-80]	Photosphere (jpeg)	sRGB	7.4	3		-	-	-
Cai and Chung [7]	Canon EOS 350D,	FLUO @4000K	^b	Photosphere (jpeg)	^b	10	2.8	-	-	-	-
Cai and Chung [7]	Sigma 10–20 mm F4-5.6 EX	FLUO @4000K	^b	Photosphere (jpeg)	^b	10	2.8	-	-	-	-
Varghese et al. [11]	Canon EOS 55D	Mixed ^e	^b	pfstool (raw)	CTM ^c	7.2	-	-	1.9	-	-
	Canon EOS 1000D	Mixed ^e	^b	pfstool (raw)	CTM ^c	8.5	-	-	2.6	-	-
	Panasonic Lumix DMC-LX7	Mixed ^e	^b	pfstool (raw)	CTM ^c	12.9	-	-	3.6	-	3.0 (orange)
Kim and Kautz [9]	Canon 350D	halogen	^b	DM ^f	CTM ^g	-	-	-	-	0.5	-
	Nikon D100	halogen	^b	DM ^f	CTM ^g	-	-	-	-	3.8	-
	Nikon D40	halogen	^b	DM ^f	CTM ^g	-	-	-	-	3.1	-

	Device
	40Dfe45		50Dfe45		5Dfe8
	Mean		Mean		Mean
Calibration Method	± std	Maximum	± std	Maximum	± std	Maximum
sRGB	5.4	11.6	3.8	9.7	4.0	7.9
−1CF	$\pm 2.3$	(#16-yellow)	$\pm 2.3$	(#16-yellow)	$\pm 1.6$	(#17-magenta)
sRGB	4.0	10.6	3.6	11.2	3.1	8.1
−3CF	$\pm 2.7$	(#16-yellow)	$\pm 2.6$	(#16-yellow)	$\pm 2.2$	(5Y 8.5/12)
minXYZ	3.2	6.6	3.1	7.4	2.0	4.3
−1CF	$\pm 1.2$	(#7-orange)	$\pm 1.2$	(#15-red)	$\pm 0.8$	(#15-red)
minXYZ	1.9	5.9	1.7	5.7	1.7	4.3
−3CF	$\pm 1.4$	(5G 7/10)	$\pm 1.1$	(#15-red)	$\pm 0.9$	(#15-red)

Factors	df	Sum of Squares	Mean Squares	F	pvalue
Sample	56	1052.035	18.786	22.217	$< 0, 0001$
Device	2	101.377	50.689	59.944	$< 0, 0001$
Re-scaling	1	139.924	139.924	165.473	$< 0, 0001$
CTM	1	495.801	495.801	586.329	$< 0, 0001$
Sample*device	112	185.262	1.654	1.956	$< 0, 0001$
Sample*re-scaling	56	163.773	2.925	3.459	$< 0, 0001$
Sample*CTM	56	501.003	8.946	10.580	$< 0, 0001$
Device*re-scaling	2	16.869	8.434	9.974	$< 0, 0001$
Device*CTM	2	20.448	10.224	12.091	$< 0, 0001$
Re-scaling*CTM	1	1.599	1.599	1.891	0.170

	Device
	40Dfe45		50Dfe45		5Dfe8
	Mean		Mean		Mean
Calibration Method	± std	Maximum	± std	Maximum	± std	Maximum
sRGB	5.4	11.6	3.8	9.7	4.0	7.9
−1CF	$\pm 2.3$	(#16-yellow)	$\pm 2.3$	(#16-yellow)	$\pm 1.6$	(#17-magenta)
sRGB	4.0	10.6	3.6	11.2	3.1	8.1
−3CF	$\pm 2.7$	(#16-yellow)	$\pm 2.6$	(#16-yellow)	$\pm 2.2$	(5Y 8.5/12)
minXYZ	3.2	6.6	3.1	7.4	2.0	4.3
−1CF	$\pm 1.2$	(#7-orange)	$\pm 1.2$	(#15-red)	$\pm 0.8$	(#15-red)
minXYZ	1.9	5.9	1.7	5.7	1.7	4.3
−3CF	$\pm 1.4$	(5G 7/10)	$\pm 1.1$	(#15-red)	$\pm 0.9$	(#15-red)

Factors	df	Sum of Squares	Mean Squares	F	pvalue
Sample	56	1052.035	18.786	22.217	$< 0, 0001$
Device	2	101.377	50.689	59.944	$< 0, 0001$
Re-scaling	1	139.924	139.924	165.473	$< 0, 0001$
CTM	1	495.801	495.801	586.329	$< 0, 0001$
Sample*device	112	185.262	1.654	1.956	$< 0, 0001$
Sample*re-scaling	56	163.773	2.925	3.459	$< 0, 0001$
Sample*CTM	56	501.003	8.946	10.580	$< 0, 0001$
Device*re-scaling	2	16.869	8.434	9.974	$< 0, 0001$
Device*CTM	2	20.448	10.224	12.091	$< 0, 0001$
Re-scaling*CTM	1	1.599	1.599	1.891	0.170

Abstract

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Tables (9)

Equations (16)

Journal of the Optical Society of America A