Refraction of space-time wave packets: I. theoretical principles

Murat Yessenov; Basanta Bhaduri; Ayman F. Abouraddy

doi:10.1364/JOSAA.430105

Journal of the Optical Society of America A
Vol. 38,
Issue 10,
pp. 1409-1422
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.430105

Refraction of space-time wave packets: I. theoretical principles

Murat Yessenov, Basanta Bhaduri, and Ayman F. Abouraddy

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Murat Yessenov, Basanta Bhaduri, and Ayman F. Abouraddy, "Refraction of space-time wave packets: I. theoretical principles," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 38, 1409-1422 (2021)

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- Physical Optics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: April 27, 2021
- Revised Manuscript: July 26, 2021
- Manuscript Accepted: July 27, 2021
- Published: September 15, 2021

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Abstract

Space-time (ST) wave packets are pulsed optical beams endowed with precise spatio-temporal structure by virtue of which they exhibit unique and useful characteristics such as propagation invariance and tunable group velocity. We study in detail here, and in two accompanying papers, the refraction of ST wave packets at planar interfaces between non-dispersive, homogeneous, and isotropic dielectrics. We formulate a law of refraction that determines the change in the ST wave-packet group velocity across such an interface as a consequence of a newly identified optical refractive invariant that we call the “spectral curvature”. Because the spectral curvature vanishes in conventional optical fields where the spatial and temporal degrees of freedom are separable, these phenomena have not been observed to date. We derive the laws of refraction for baseband, ${X}$ wave, and sideband ST wave packets that reveal fascinating refractive phenomena, especially for the former class of wave packets. We predict theoretically, and confirm experimentally in the accompanying papers, refractive phenomena such as group-velocity invariance (ST wave packets whose group velocity does not change across the interface), anomalous refraction (group-velocity increase in higher-index media), group-velocity inversion (change in the sign of the group velocity upon refraction but not its magnitude), and the dependence of the group velocity of the refracted ST wave packet on the angle of incidence.

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Data underlying the results presented in this paper are not publicly available at this time but may be obtained from the authors upon reasonable request.

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	Baseband	$X$ -Wave	Sideband
Invariant	$n (n - \tilde{n})$	$n^{2} - {\tilde{n}}^{2}$	$(n + \tilde{n}) (n - ζ \tilde{n})$
$\tilde{v}$ invariance	${\tilde{n}}_{t h} = n_{1} + n_{2}$	No	No
Anomalous	${\tilde{n}}_{1} > {\tilde{n}}_{t h}$	No	No
$\tilde{v}$ inversion	${\tilde{n}}_{1} = n_{1} - n_{2}$	No	No
Bridging gap	No	No	Yes

	Normal	Oblique
Invariant	$n (n - \tilde{n})$	$n (n - \tilde{n}) \cos^{2} ϕ$
$\tilde{v}$ invariance	${\tilde{n}}_{t h} (0) = n_{1} + n_{2}$	${\tilde{n}}_{t h} (ϕ_{1}) = \frac{n_{1} + n_{2}}{1 + \frac{n_{1}}{n_{2}} \sin^{2} ϕ_{1}}$
Anomalous	${\tilde{n}}_{1} > {\tilde{n}}_{t h} (0)$	${\tilde{n}}_{1} > {\tilde{n}}_{t h} (ϕ)$
$\tilde{v}$ inversion	${\tilde{n}}_{1} (0) = n_{1} - n_{2}$	${\tilde{n}}_{1} (ϕ_{1}) = \frac{n_{1} - n_{2}}{1 - \frac{n_{1}}{n_{2}} \sin^{2} ϕ_{1}}$
Bridging gap	No	No

	$n_{1} < n_{2}$	$n_{1} > n_{2}$
$\tilde{v}$ invariance	no change	no change
$\tilde{v}$ inversion	${\tilde{n}}_{1} (ϕ_{1}) < {\tilde{n}}_{1} (0)$	${\tilde{n}}_{1} (ϕ_{1}) > {\tilde{n}}_{1} (0)$
sublum. ${\tilde{v}}_{1}$	${\tilde{v}}_{2}$ increases with $ϕ_{1}$	${\tilde{v}}_{2}$ decreases with $ϕ_{1}$
superlum. ${\tilde{v}}_{1}$	${\tilde{v}}_{2}$ decreases with $ϕ_{1}$	${\tilde{v}}_{2}$ increases with $ϕ_{1}$

	Baseband	$X$ -Wave	Sideband
Invariant	$n (n - \tilde{n})$	$n^{2} - {\tilde{n}}^{2}$	$(n + \tilde{n}) (n - ζ \tilde{n})$
$\tilde{v}$ invariance	${\tilde{n}}_{t h} = n_{1} + n_{2}$	No	No
Anomalous	${\tilde{n}}_{1} > {\tilde{n}}_{t h}$	No	No
$\tilde{v}$ inversion	${\tilde{n}}_{1} = n_{1} - n_{2}$	No	No
Bridging gap	No	No	Yes

	Normal	Oblique
Invariant	$n (n - \tilde{n})$	$n (n - \tilde{n}) \cos^{2} ϕ$
$\tilde{v}$ invariance	${\tilde{n}}_{t h} (0) = n_{1} + n_{2}$	${\tilde{n}}_{t h} (ϕ_{1}) = \frac{n_{1} + n_{2}}{1 + \frac{n_{1}}{n_{2}} \sin^{2} ϕ_{1}}$
Anomalous	${\tilde{n}}_{1} > {\tilde{n}}_{t h} (0)$	${\tilde{n}}_{1} > {\tilde{n}}_{t h} (ϕ)$
$\tilde{v}$ inversion	${\tilde{n}}_{1} (0) = n_{1} - n_{2}$	${\tilde{n}}_{1} (ϕ_{1}) = \frac{n_{1} - n_{2}}{1 - \frac{n_{1}}{n_{2}} \sin^{2} ϕ_{1}}$
Bridging gap	No	No

Abstract

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Equations (24)

Journal of the Optical Society of America A