Evaluation of the Waggoner computerized D15 color vision test using an iPad device

Ali Almustanyir; Reema Alduhayan; Mosaad Alhassan; Kholoud Bokhary; Balsam Alabdulkader

doi:10.1364/JOSAA.431987

Journal of the Optical Society of America A
Vol. 38,
Issue 11,
pp. 1647-1655
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.431987

Evaluation of the Waggoner computerized D15 color vision test using an iPad device

Ali Almustanyir, Reema Alduhayan, Mosaad Alhassan, Kholoud Bokhary, and Balsam Alabdulkader

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Ali Almustanyir, Reema Alduhayan, Mosaad Alhassan, Kholoud Bokhary, and Balsam Alabdulkader, "Evaluation of the Waggoner computerized D15 color vision test using an iPad device," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 38, 1647-1655 (2021)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Vision, Color Vision, and Psychophysics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: May 21, 2021
- Revised Manuscript: September 22, 2021
- Manuscript Accepted: September 22, 2021
- Published: October 18, 2021

Abstract

The W-D15 test, a computerized variant of the F-D15 test, is used to determine whether an individual with a color vision defect can safely perform color-related tasks. This study evaluated the performance of the W-D15 test using an iPad. Fifty-nine color normal and 61 color vision defect subjects participated. Participants were screened based on the Ishihara, City University Test, and Waggoner PIP24 tests. Different failure criteria of the D15 tests were considered. The pass/failure agreement between the two tests was relatively appropriate, with a ${\kappa}$-coefficient ${\ge} {0.8}$, for all failure criteria. The W-D15 could be an appropriate substitute for F-D15 using an iPad.

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	Median	Minimum	Maximum	Mean	SD
Recommended brightness ( $N = 61$ )	3.39	1.00	4.52	2.82	1.28
High brightness ( $N = 61$ )	3.56	1.00	4.85	2.85	1.37

		F-D15 Normal Conditions		W-D15 Recommended Brightness Mode		W-D15 High Brightness Mode
Criterion		Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Chi-Square ( $χ^{2}$ )	P-Value
Farnsworth’s criterion ( $N = 61$ )	Pass	17 (13D and 4P)	28	17 (13D and 4P)	28	18 (15D and 3P)	29.5	0.036	0.85
Farnsworth’s criterion ( $N = 61$ )	Fail	44	72	44	72	43	70.5	0.036	0.85
Birch’s criterion ( $N = 61$ )	Pass	15 (13D and 2P)	25	14 (12D and 2P)	23	17 (14D and 3P)	28	0.34	0.56
Birch’s criterion ( $N = 61$ )	Fail	46	75	47	77	44	72	0.34	0.56
C-index criterion ( $N = 61$ )	Pass	18 (15D and 3P)	29.5	17 (13D and 4P)	28	19 (16D and 3P)	31	0.14	0.71
C-index criterion ( $N = 61$ )	Fail	43	70.5	44	72	42	69	0.14

		F-D15
		Recommended Brightness						High Brightness
		Farnsworth’s Criterion		Birch’s Criterion		C-Index $> 1. 78$		Farnsworth’s Criterion		Birch’s Criterion		C-Index $> 1. 78$
		Pass	Fail	Pass	Fail	Pass	Fail	Pass	Fail	Pass	Fail	Pass	Fail
W-D15	Pass	15	2 (P and D)	13	1 (D)	16	1 (P)	15	3 (3 D)	14	3 (2 D and 1P)	16	3 (3 D)
W-D15	Fail	2 (P and D)	42	2 (2 D)	45	2 (P and D)	42	2 (P and D)	41	1 (D)	43	2 (P and D)	40

Failure Criterion	Farnsworth’s Criterion	Birch’s Criterion	C-Index $> 1.78$ Criterion
Pass/failure recommended brightness	0.84 (0.68–0.99)	0.86 (0.71–1.00)	0.88 (0.75–1.00)
Pass/failure high brightness	0.80 (0.63–0.97)	0.83 (0.67–0.99)	0.80 (0.64–0.97)
Classification recommended brightness	0.59 (0.36–0.82)	0.57 (0.35–0.80)	0.88 (0.74–1.00)
Classification high brightness	0.65 (0.44–0.86)	0.60 (0.39–0.81)	0.84 (0.68–0.99)

	Recommended Brightness			High Brightness
	F-D15 Failure			F-D15 Failure
	Farnsworth’s Criterion	Birch’s Criterion	C-Index $> 1.78$	Farnsworth’s Criterion	Birch’s Criterion	C-Index $> 1.78$
W-D15 Failure	$> 2$	$> 2$	$> 1.7$	$> 2$	$> 2$	$> 1.7$
ROC area	0.97 (0.94 to 1.00)	0.98 (0.95 to 1.00)	0.98 (0.96 to 1.00)	0.97 (0.92 to 1.00)	0.96 (0.92 to 1.00)	0.97 (0.94 to 1.00)
Kappa coefficient agreement	0.81 (0.64 to 0.97)	0.80 (0.63 to 0.97)	0.88 (0.75 to 1.00)	0.81 (0.64 to 0.97)	0.80 (0.63 to 0.97)	0.84 (0.69 to 0.99)
^b Sensitivity	0.94	1.00	0.89	0.94	1.00	0.89
^c Specificity	0.91	0.89	0.98	0.91	0.89	0.95

Brightness	Recommended Brightness						High Brightness
Criterion	Farnsworth’s Criterion ( $> 1$ Crossing)		Birch’s Criterion ( $> 0$ Crossings)		C-Index ( $\geq 1.78$ )		Farnsworth’s Criterion ( $> 1$ Crossing)		Birch’s Criterion ( $> 0$ Crossings)		C-Index ( $\geq 1.78$ )
Visit	1st visit	2nd visit	1st visit	2nd visit	1st visit	2nd visit	1st visit	2nd visit	1st visit	2nd visit	1st visit	2nd visit
Number of pass subjects	6	5	5	4	7	5	6	7	6	5	6	7
Number of fail subjects	18	19	19	20	17	19	18	17	18	19	18	17
$Z$ -test and $p$ -value	$Z = 0.34$ , $p = 0.72$		$Z = 0.37$ , $p = 0.71$		$Z = 0.67$ , $p = 0.50$		$Z = - 0.32$ , $p = 0.75$		$Z = 0.34$ , $p = 0.73$		$Z = - 0.32$ , $p = 0.75$

		Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed
		F-D15
		Recommended Brightness									High Brightness
		Farnsworth’s Criterion			Birch’s Criterion			C-Index $> 1.78$			Farnsworth’s Criterion			Birch’s Criterion			C-Index $> 1.78$
W-D15	Deutan	16	7(5D and 2P)	0	16	7(5D and 2P)	0	22	1(1P)	0	16	7(5D and 2P)	0	16	7(5D and 2P)	0	21	1(1P)	0
	Protan	2(1D and 1P)	16	1(1D)	2(1D and 1P)	17	2(1D and 1P)	1(1P)	15	0	1(1P)	16	0	1(1P)	16	1(1P)	1(1P)	15	0
	Mixed	0	0	2	0	0	2	0	1(1P)	3	1(1D)	0	3	1(1D)	1(1P)	3	1(1D)	1(1P)	3

		W-D15 (first visit)
		Recommended Brightness									High Brightness
		Farnsworth’s Criterion			Birch’s Criterion			C-Index $> 1.78$			Farnsworth’s Criterion			Birch’s Criterion			C-Index $> 1.78$
		Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed
W-D15	Deutan	8	1	0	8	2	0	8	0	0	7	0	0	7	0	0	8	0	0
(second	Protan	0	8	0	0	8	0	0	9	1	1	10	0	1	10	0	0	8	0
visit)	Mixed	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1
$κ$ coefficient		$κ = 0.88 (95 % C I = 0.64 - 1)$			$κ = 0.70 (95 % C I = 0.40 - 1)$			$κ = 0.89 (95 % C I = 0.69 - 1)$			$κ = 0.89 (95 % C I = 0.65 - 1)$			$κ = 0.89 (95 % C I = 0.65 - 1)$			$κ = 0.90 (95 % C I = 0.71 - 1)$

		Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed
		F-D15
		Recommended Brightness									High Brightness
		Farnsworth’s Criterion			Birch’s Criterion			C-Index $> 1.78$			Farnsworth’s Criterion			Birch’s Criterion			C-Index $> 1.78$
W-D15	Deutan	16	7(5D and 2P)	0	16	7(5D and 2P)	0	22	1(1P)	0	16	7(5D and 2P)	0	16	7(5D and 2P)	0	21	1(1P)	0
	Protan	2(1D and 1P)	16	1(1D)	2(1D and 1P)	17	2(1D and 1P)	1(1P)	15	0	1(1P)	16	0	1(1P)	16	1(1P)	1(1P)	15	0
	Mixed	0	0	2	0	0	2	0	1(1P)	3	1(1D)	0	3	1(1D)	1(1P)	3	1(1D)	1(1P)	3

		W-D15 (first visit)
		Recommended Brightness									High Brightness
		Farnsworth’s Criterion			Birch’s Criterion			C-Index $> 1.78$			Farnsworth’s Criterion			Birch’s Criterion			C-Index $> 1.78$
		Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed	Deutan	Protan	Mixed
W-D15	Deutan	8	1	0	8	2	0	8	0	0	7	0	0	7	0	0	8	0	0
(second	Protan	0	8	0	0	8	0	0	9	1	1	10	0	1	10	0	0	8	0
visit)	Mixed	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1
$κ$ coefficient		$κ = 0.88 (95 % C I = 0.64 - 1)$			$κ = 0.70 (95 % C I = 0.40 - 1)$			$κ = 0.89 (95 % C I = 0.69 - 1)$			$κ = 0.89 (95 % C I = 0.65 - 1)$			$κ = 0.89 (95 % C I = 0.65 - 1)$			$κ = 0.90 (95 % C I = 0.71 - 1)$

Abstract

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Tables (9)

Journal of the Optical Society of America A