Abstract

We report on applications of moiré deflectometry in measurements of the anisotropy and scaling of the phase structure function (PSF), obtained after passing a laser beam through an indoor enclosure containing convective air turbulence. We combine the use of two telescopes, with a two-channel wavefront sensor based on moiré deflectometry, to attain high sensitivity and resolution to fluctuations in the wavefront phase, caused by turbulent fluctuations in the enclosure. The measurements of the wavefront PSF along two directions perpendicular to the direction of the light beam propagation at different heater temperatures show that the convective air turbulence is anisotropic turbulence, where the value of the anisotropy increases with increasing temperature gradient. Various models are fitted to the measured PSFs, and we find that the turbulent is also non-Kolmogorov, in which, for the separation distances of two points on the wavefront less than 10 cm, the von Kármán PSF is the best fit to the experimental data. For higher values of separations, the experimental data do not fit with existing models. By fitting the von Kármán PSF on the data, we estimate values of the refractive index structure constant, $C_n^2$, as well as the outer scale of the turbulence. The value of the outer scale decreases with increasing temperature of the heater up to approximately 50°C, where it saturates, while the value of $C_n^2$ monotonically increases. Over the complete range of heater temperatures, from 40°C to 160°C, the Rayleigh number, Ra, for the enclosed air flow varied from $5.80 \times {10^8} \lt {\rm Ra} \lt 5.89 \times {10^9}$ so that all measurements were conducted in a state of developed convective turbulence.

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