Screening for mild anomalous trichromacy using the Ishihara plates test

Lucy P. Somers; Jenny M. Bosten

doi:10.1364/JOSAA.476536

Journal of the Optical Society of America A
Vol. 40,
Issue 3,
pp. A208-A219
(2023)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAA.476536

Screening for mild anomalous trichromacy using the Ishihara plates test

Lucy P. Somers and Jenny M. Bosten

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Lucy P. Somers and Jenny M. Bosten, "Screening for mild anomalous trichromacy using the Ishihara plates test," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 40, A208-A219 (2023)

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Related Topics
Table of Contents Category
- Color Vision Deficiency and Assessment
Optics & Photonics Topics
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The topics in this list come from the Optics and Photonics Topics applied to this article.

About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: October 7, 2022
- Revised Manuscript: January 16, 2023
- Manuscript Accepted: January 18, 2023
- Published: February 23, 2023
Virtual Issues
JOSA A Feature Issue: Color Vision 2023 (2023)

Abstract

The Ishihara plates test is one of the most established and widely used means of identifying color vision deficiencies. However, literature examining the effectiveness of the Ishihara plates test has identified weaknesses, particularly when screening for milder anomalous trichromacy. We constructed a model of the chromatic signals expected to contribute to false negative readings by calculating, for particular anomalous trichromatic observers, the differences in chromaticity between the ground and pseudoisochromatic portions of plates. Predicted signals from five plates were compared for seven editions of the Ishihara plates test, for six observers with three severities of anomalous trichromacy, under eight illuminants. We found significant effects of variation in all of these factors other than edition on the predicted color signals available to read the plates. The impact of edition was tested behaviorally with 35 observers with color vision deficiency and 26 normal trichromats, which corroborated the minimal effect of edition predicted by the model. We found a significant negative relationship between predicted color signals for anomalous trichromats and behavioral false negative plate readings ($\rho = - {0.46}$, $p = {0.005}$ for deuteranomals, $\rho = - {0.42}$, $p = {0.01}$ for protanomals), suggesting that residual observer-specific color signals in portions of plates designed to be isochromatic may be contributing to false negative readings, and validating our modeling approach.

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Data availability

Raw data, processed data for reproducing the results of the statistical tests, and scripts for reproducing the figures are available via the Open Science Framework [57].

57. L. P. Somers and J. M. Bosten, “IshiharaTest,” Open Science Framework (2023), https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/V5WXN.

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	Deuteranomalous $\| Δ (L / (L + L^{'})) \|$						Protanomalous $\| Δ (M^{'} / (M^{'} + M)) \|$
Plate	Va.2	Tr.1	Tr.2	Di.1	Di.2		Va.2	Tr.1	Tr.2	Di.1	Di.2
Va.1	0.002^b	0.991	0.884	$< 0.001$ ^b	0.001^b		0.006^b	0.989	0.991	$< 0.001$ ^b	0.152
Va.2		$< 0.001$ ^b	$< 0.001$ ^b	0.014^a	$> 0.999$			$< 0.001$ ^b	$< 0.001$ ^b	0.267	0.767
Tr.1			0.996	$< 0.001$ ^b	$< 0.001$ ^b				$> 0.999$	$< 0.001$ ^b	0.039^a
Tr.2				$< 0.001$ ^b	$< 0.001$ ^a					$< 0.001$ ^a	0.042^a
Di.1					0.020^a						0.014^a
Edition	1975	1981	1991	2010	2013	2017	1975	1981	1991	2010	2013	2017
1963	$> 0.999$	$> 0.999$	0.784	0.997	0.993	$> 0.999$	0.993	0.932	0.173	0.739	0.667	0.77
1975		$> 0.999$	0.88	$> 0.999$	0.999	$> 0.999$		$> 0.999$	0.507	0.98	0.961	0.986
1981			0.78	0.996	0.993	$> 0.999$			0.755	0.999	0.998	$> 0.999$
1991				0.979	0.988	0.943				0.94	0.966	0.924
2010					$> 0.999$	$> 0.999$					$> 0.999$	$> 0.999$
2013						$> 0.999$						$> 0.999$

	Deuteranomalous $\| Δ (L / (L + L^{'})) \|$
	Yellow D	Halogen	D50	D65	TL-D	LED	Imitation D
Blue D	$> 0.999$	0.88	$> 0.999$	$> 0.999$	0.968	0.119	$> 0.999$
Yellow D		0.966	$> 0.999$	0.993	0.886	0.055	$> 0.999$
Halogen			0.971	0.585	0.253	0.002^a	0.971
D50				0.991	0.873	0.05	$> 0.999$
D65					0.999	0.343	0.991
TL-D						0.696	0.873
LED							0.05
	Protanomalous $\| Δ (M^{'} / (M^{'} + M))\|$
	Yellow D	Halogen	D50	D65	TL-D	LED	Imitation D
Blue D	0.218	$< 0.001$ ^a	0.142	0.851	$< 0.001$ ^a	0.874	0.014^b
Yellow D		0.045^b	$> 0.999$	0.967	$< 0.001$ ^a	0.957	0.974
Halogen			0.076	0.001^a	0.218	$< 0.001$ ^a	0.423
D50				0.92	$< 0.001$ ^a	0.902	0.993
D65					< $0. 001^{a}$	$> 0.999$	0.454
TL-D						$< 0.001$ ^a	$< 0.001$ ^a
LED							0.42

	Deuteranomalous $\| Δ (L / (L + L^{'})) \|$						Protanomalous $\| Δ (M^{'} / (M^{'} + M)) \|$
Plate	Va.2	Tr.1	Tr.2	Di.1	Di.2		Va.2	Tr.1	Tr.2	Di.1	Di.2
Va.1	0.002^b	0.991	0.884	$< 0.001$ ^b	0.001^b		0.006^b	0.989	0.991	$< 0.001$ ^b	0.152
Va.2		$< 0.001$ ^b	$< 0.001$ ^b	0.014^a	$> 0.999$			$< 0.001$ ^b	$< 0.001$ ^b	0.267	0.767
Tr.1			0.996	$< 0.001$ ^b	$< 0.001$ ^b				$> 0.999$	$< 0.001$ ^b	0.039^a
Tr.2				$< 0.001$ ^b	$< 0.001$ ^a					$< 0.001$ ^a	0.042^a
Di.1					0.020^a						0.014^a
Edition	1975	1981	1991	2010	2013	2017	1975	1981	1991	2010	2013	2017
1963	$> 0.999$	$> 0.999$	0.784	0.997	0.993	$> 0.999$	0.993	0.932	0.173	0.739	0.667	0.77
1975		$> 0.999$	0.88	$> 0.999$	0.999	$> 0.999$		$> 0.999$	0.507	0.98	0.961	0.986
1981			0.78	0.996	0.993	$> 0.999$			0.755	0.999	0.998	$> 0.999$
1991				0.979	0.988	0.943				0.94	0.966	0.924
2010					$> 0.999$	$> 0.999$					$> 0.999$	$> 0.999$
2013						$> 0.999$						$> 0.999$

	Deuteranomalous $\| Δ (L / (L + L^{'})) \|$
	Yellow D	Halogen	D50	D65	TL-D	LED	Imitation D
Blue D	$> 0.999$	0.88	$> 0.999$	$> 0.999$	0.968	0.119	$> 0.999$
Yellow D		0.966	$> 0.999$	0.993	0.886	0.055	$> 0.999$
Halogen			0.971	0.585	0.253	0.002^a	0.971
D50				0.991	0.873	0.05	$> 0.999$
D65					0.999	0.343	0.991
TL-D						0.696	0.873
LED							0.05
	Protanomalous $\| Δ (M^{'} / (M^{'} + M))\|$
	Yellow D	Halogen	D50	D65	TL-D	LED	Imitation D
Blue D	0.218	$< 0.001$ ^a	0.142	0.851	$< 0.001$ ^a	0.874	0.014^b
Yellow D		0.045^b	$> 0.999$	0.967	$< 0.001$ ^a	0.957	0.974
Halogen			0.076	0.001^a	0.218	$< 0.001$ ^a	0.423
D50				0.92	$< 0.001$ ^a	0.902	0.993
D65					< $0. 001^{a}$	$> 0.999$	0.454
TL-D						$< 0.001$ ^a	$< 0.001$ ^a
LED							0.42

Abstract

Data availability

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Journal of the Optical Society of America A