Kilowatt power scaling of an intrinsically low Brillouin and thermo-optic Yb-doped silica fiber [Invited]

T. W. Hawkins; P. D. Dragic; N. Yu; A. Flores; M. Engholm; J. Ballato

doi:10.1364/JOSAB.434413

Journal of the Optical Society of America B
Vol. 38,
Issue 12,
pp. F38-F49
(2021)
•https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.434413

Kilowatt power scaling of an intrinsically low Brillouin and thermo-optic Yb-doped silica fiber [Invited]

T. W. Hawkins, P. D. Dragic, N. Yu, A. Flores, M. Engholm, and J. Ballato

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T. W. Hawkins, P. D. Dragic, N. Yu, A. Flores, M. Engholm, and J. Ballato, "Kilowatt power scaling of an intrinsically low Brillouin and thermo-optic Yb-doped silica fiber [Invited]," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 38, F38-F49 (2021)

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- Fiber Optics
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About this Article
History
- Original Manuscript: June 30, 2021
- Revised Manuscript: September 9, 2021
- Manuscript Accepted: September 12, 2021
- Published: October 5, 2021
Virtual Issues
JOSA B Feature Issue: Specialty Optical Fiber Modeling, Fabrication, and Characterization (2021)

November 24, 2021 Spotlight on Optics

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Abstract

The performance of optical fibers is dependent on both the fiber design and the materials from which it is made. While much of the development over the past few decades has focused on fiber geometry and microstructuring, more recent analyses have shown clear benefits of addressing parasitic nonlinearities at the origins of their light–matter interactions. Reported here are results on intrinsically low Brillouin and thermo-optic core fibers, fabricated using modified chemical vapor deposition. Specifically, fibers in the Yb-doped ${\rm{A}}{{\rm{l}}_2}{{\rm{O}}_3} {-} {{\rm{P}}_2}{{\rm{O}}_5} {-} {{\rm{B}}_2}{{\rm{O}}_3} {-} {\rm{Si}}{{\rm{O}}_2}$ system are developed based on how each glass constituent affects the material parameters that enable both stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and transverse mode instability (TMI). One fiber, developed to be very heavily doped, exhibited thermo-optic and Brillouin gain coefficients up to ${\sim}{{3}}\;{\rm{dB}}$ and 6 dB below conventional laser fibers, respectively. A second fiber, designed to approximate a commercial double-clad laser fiber, which necessitated lower doping levels, was output power scaled to over 1 kW with an efficiency over 70% and no observed photodarkening under conventional testing. Design curves for the enabling material properties that drive TMI and SBS also are provided as functions of compositions as a tool for the community to further study and develop intrinsically low-nonlinearity fiber lasers.

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Corrections

Bülend Ortaç, Deepak Jain, Rajan Jha, Jonathan Hu, and Bora Ung, "Specialty optical fiber modeling, fabrication, and characterization feature issue: publisher’s note," J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 39, 401-401 (2022)
https://opg.optica.org/josab/abstract.cfm?uri=josab-39-1-401

20 December 2021: A typographical correction was made to the title.

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		Material Parameter [Reference]
	Additivity				$P_{2} O_{5}$	$A l P O_{4}$	$Y b_{2} O_{3}$
Material Property [units]	Formula [22,23]	$S i O_{2}$	$B_{2} O_{3}$	$A l_{2} O_{3}$	[36,37]	[34]	[32]
Refractive index, n	$\sum_{i = 1}^{N} n_{i} x_{i}$	1.444^a	1.410^a	1.6597^b	1.4941^b	1.4461^b	1.881^a
Thermo-optic coefficient,
$d n / d T$ $[\times 1 0^{- 6}$ ]	$\frac{m}{c} \frac{d n_{A}}{d T} + \frac{(1 - m)}{c} \frac{d n_{B}}{d T}$	9.96 [20]	−24.4 [20]	10.5	−13.3 [19]	8.3
Brillouin gain coefficient (BGC)^c	$\frac{2 π^{2} n^{7} p_{12}^{2}}{c λ^{2} ρ V_{a} Δ ν_{B}}$
Density [ $k g / m^{3}$ ]	$\sum_{i = 1}^{N} ρ_{i} x_{i}$	2200	1820	3470 [33]	2390	2233	8102
Transverse photoelastic coefficient, $p_{12}$	$\frac{(ϵ O C_{e f f}) + ν (σ O C_{e f f})}{(1 - 2 ν) (1 + ν)}$	0.226	0.298^d	−0.027 [33]	0.252	0.0	−0.143
Acoustic velocity, $V_{a}$ [m/s]	${(\sum_{i = 1}^{N} \frac{m_{i} - m_{i - 1}}{V_{a, i}})}^{- 1}$	5970	3315	9790	3936	5393	4110
Brillouin linewidth, $Δ ν_{B}$ [MHz]	$\frac{V_{a}}{π} \sum_{i = 1}^{N} (m_{i} - m_{i - 1}) F_{i} (ν)$	17	427.8	274	176.8	57.1	1375

			Peak Composition Value (Mole Percent)
Fiber	Core Diameter (µm)	NA		$P_{2} O_{5}$	$A l_{2} O_{3}$	$Y b_{2} O_{3}$	$B_{2} O_{3}$
P1	12.3	0.096	EDX	4.59	2.51	1.32	—
			Including boria^a	4.01	2.19	1.15	14.5
P2	20.8	0.083	EDX	5.55	0.33	0.25	—
			Including boria^a	5.20	0.31	0.23	6.8

Spectral Width	SBS Threshold	TMI Threshold
1 GHz	246 W	Not Reached
5 GHz	868 W	Not Reached
10 GHz	Not Reached	1099 W

		Material Parameter [Reference]
	Additivity				$P_{2} O_{5}$	$A l P O_{4}$	$Y b_{2} O_{3}$
Material Property [units]	Formula [22,23]	$S i O_{2}$	$B_{2} O_{3}$	$A l_{2} O_{3}$	[36,37]	[34]	[32]
Refractive index, n	$\sum_{i = 1}^{N} n_{i} x_{i}$	1.444^a	1.410^a	1.6597^b	1.4941^b	1.4461^b	1.881^a
Thermo-optic coefficient,
$d n / d T$ $[\times 1 0^{- 6}$ ]	$\frac{m}{c} \frac{d n_{A}}{d T} + \frac{(1 - m)}{c} \frac{d n_{B}}{d T}$	9.96 [20]	−24.4 [20]	10.5	−13.3 [19]	8.3
Brillouin gain coefficient (BGC)^c	$\frac{2 π^{2} n^{7} p_{12}^{2}}{c λ^{2} ρ V_{a} Δ ν_{B}}$
Density [ $k g / m^{3}$ ]	$\sum_{i = 1}^{N} ρ_{i} x_{i}$	2200	1820	3470 [33]	2390	2233	8102
Transverse photoelastic coefficient, $p_{12}$	$\frac{(ϵ O C_{e f f}) + ν (σ O C_{e f f})}{(1 - 2 ν) (1 + ν)}$	0.226	0.298^d	−0.027 [33]	0.252	0.0	−0.143
Acoustic velocity, $V_{a}$ [m/s]	${(\sum_{i = 1}^{N} \frac{m_{i} - m_{i - 1}}{V_{a, i}})}^{- 1}$	5970	3315	9790	3936	5393	4110
Brillouin linewidth, $Δ ν_{B}$ [MHz]	$\frac{V_{a}}{π} \sum_{i = 1}^{N} (m_{i} - m_{i - 1}) F_{i} (ν)$	17	427.8	274	176.8	57.1	1375

			Peak Composition Value (Mole Percent)
Fiber	Core Diameter (µm)	NA		$P_{2} O_{5}$	$A l_{2} O_{3}$	$Y b_{2} O_{3}$	$B_{2} O_{3}$
P1	12.3	0.096	EDX	4.59	2.51	1.32	—
			Including boria^a	4.01	2.19	1.15	14.5
P2	20.8	0.083	EDX	5.55	0.33	0.25	—
			Including boria^a	5.20	0.31	0.23	6.8

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Journal of the Optical Society of America B