Abstract

A comprehensive theoretical model to explore the gain-clamping characteristics of ultralong fiber Raman lasers (UL-FRL) based on fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) in which the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), double Rayleigh backscattering (DRB), and modulation-instability- (MI-) induced spectral broadening effect are considered to be self-consistent. The experimental results are used to validate the theoretical model. The influences of pump configuration and fiber length on dynamic range, noise performance, and nonlinear impairment are discussed in detail. The result shows that an ultralong transmission of up to $\sim 155\mathrm{km}$ by using a total of $1.38\mathrm{W}$ Raman pump power accompanied by gain clamping can be achieved; a backward pump is helpful to obtain a wider dynamic range and to avoid nonlinear impairment, but it is harmful to noise performance; and shorter fiber length is helpful to obtain both optimized gain clamping and weakened nonlinear impairment. Such an UL-FRL has considerable potential to realize both ultralong signal transmission and gain clamping to overcome signal distortion and interchannel cross talk in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) networks.

© 2009 Optical Society of America

Detailed theoretical investigation on improved quasi-lossless transmission using third-order Raman amplification based on ultralong fiber lasers

Xin-Hong Jia, Yun-Jiang Rao, Zi-Nan Wang, Wei-Li Zhang, Zeng-Ling Ran, Kun Deng, and Zi-Xin Yang
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 29(4) 847-854 (2012)

Theoretical investigation of gain-clamped semiconductor optical amplifiers using the amplified spontaneous emission compensating effect

Xin-Hong Jia
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 23(12) 2503-2510 (2006)

Performance of two-stage discrete fiber Raman amplifiers with and without all-optical gain clamping

Nikolaos Gryspolakis, Lawrence R. Chen, and Theodore Zambelis
Appl. Opt. 44(1) 83-90 (2005)

Distributed Raman amplification using ultra-long fiber laser with a ring cavity: characteristics and sensing application

Xin-Hong Jia, Yun-Jiang Rao, Zi-Nan Wang, Wei-Li Zhang, Cheng-Xu Yuan, Xiao-Dong Yan, Jin Li, Han Wu, Ye-Yu Zhu, and Fei Peng
Opt. Express 21(18) 21208-21217 (2013)

Gain-clamped S-band discrete Raman amplifier

Scott S.-H. Yam, Michel E. Marhic, Youichi Akasaka, and Leonid G. Kazovsky
Opt. Lett. 29(7) 757-759 (2004)